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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
First scientist to describe living cells seen through a simple microscope in the 1600s |
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Simple Light Microscope |
Contains one lens and used light to view objects |
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Compound Light Microscope |
Uses a series of lenses to magnify objects. They can magnify objects up to sbout 1500 times |
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Robert Hooke |
(1665) He used a microscope to study cork, the dead cells of oak bark |
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Why did Hooke name the box-shaped structures cells? |
Because they reminded him of the small rooms monks lived in at a monastery |
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The basic building blocks of life |
Cells |
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Matthias Schleiden |
German scientist who concluded that plants are composed of cells in the 1830s |
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Theodor Schwann |
German scientist who concluded that all animals are composed of cells |
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The Cell Theory is made up of three main ideas: |
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization of organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells |
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Electron Microscope |
Developed in the 1930s and 1940s. This microscope uses a beam of electrons instead light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times their actual size, allowing scientists to see structures within a cell |
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There are 2 basic types of electron microscopes |
1. SEM - scanning electron microscope _ scans the surface of cells to learn their 3-D shape 2. TEM - transmission electron microscope - allows you to study structures contained within the cells |
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STM |
Scanning tunneling microscope uses the flow of electrons to create computer images of atoms on the surface of a molecule |
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Cells can be divided into 2 broad groups |
Porkaryotic - Do not contain any membrane bound organelles (most are unicellular) Eukaryotic - Contain membrane bound organelles (Most are multicellular) |
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Robert Brown |
A Scottish scientist observed that eukaryotic cells contain a prominent structure |
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Rudolph Virchow |
Concluded the prominent structure in the eukaryotic cells was the structure responsible fro cell division and named it the nucleus |
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What is the job of the plasma membrane? |
To allow a steady supply of these nutrients to come in to the cell no matter what the external conditions are |
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Selective Permeability |
A process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping other out |
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What is a molecule that enters freely through the plasma membrane? |
Water |
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Other particles, such as what, must be allowed into the membrane only at certain times, in certain amounts, through certain channels? |
Sodium and calcium ions |
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Monomer of Lipids |
One molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids |
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What happens if a phosphate group replaces a fatty acid in a lipid? |
A phospholipid if formed |
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What is the make up of a phospholipid? |
A glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group |
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What is the plasma membrane composed of? |
A phospholipid bilayer |
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Which parts of the phospholipid are polar and nonpolar? |
The 2 fatty acid tails of the phospholipid are nonpolar, whereas the head of the phospholipid molecule containing the phosphate group is polar |
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What is the key component of living organisms, both inside and outside the cell? |
Water |
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What allows the cell membrane to interact with its watery environment and why? |
The polar phosphate because water is polar |
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What part of the phospholipid avoids water? |
The fatty acid tails |
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Fluid mosaic model |
What the model of the plasma membrane is called |
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Why is the model of the plasma membrane called the fluid mosaic model? |
It is fluid because the phospholipids move within the membrane. The proteins moving in the membrane among the phospholipids create a "mosaic" or pattern on the membrane surface |
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What is found in the plasma membrane along with proteins? |
Cholesterol |
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What does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane? |
It helps stabilize the phospholipids by preventing their fatty acid tails from sticking together |
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What are high level of cholesterol associated with? |
Reduced blood flow in blood vessels |
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What do transport proteins do within the lipid membrane? |
They move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane |
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What other important role do proteins play at the inner surface of a plasma membrane? |
They attach the plasma membrane to the cell's internal support structure, giving the cell its flexibility |
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What organisms have an additional boundary called a cell wall? |
Plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and some protists |
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What does the cell wall do? |
Forms an inflexible wall that protects the cell and gives in support |
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What is the cell wall composed of? |
A carbohydrate called cellulose |
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Functions of the Nucleus |
1. It contains the directions to make proteins 2. It controls the activity of the organelles |
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Where are the master sets of directions for making proteins contained? |
The chromatin |
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Strands of genetic material |
Chromatin |
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When the cell divides, the chromatin condenses and forms what? |
Chromosomes |
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Nucleolus |
Prominent organelles within the nucleus which makes ribosomes |
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Ribosomes |
The sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of the DNA |
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For proteins to me made... |
ribosomes must move out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, and the blueprints contained in DNA must be copied and sent to cytoplasm. |
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Cytoplasm |
The clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell that suspends the cell's organelles |
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Nuclear envelope (AKA the nuclear membrane) |
A structure that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The structure that the ribosomes and copied DNA pass through when transported to the cytoplasm |
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The nuclear envelope is a double membrane made up of |
two phospholipid bilayers containing small nuclear pores for substances to pass through |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
The site of cellular chemical reactions. It is arranged in a series of highly folded membrane suspended in the cytoplasm |
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Why is the rough ER considered rough? |
Ribsomes in the cytoplasm are attached to the surface of the ER
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ER without ribosomes is called what? |
Smooth ER |
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Smooth ER is involved in numerous biochemical activities including... |
the production and storage of lipids |
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What is the function of the rough ER |
to carry out the function of protein synthesis |
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After proteins are made, they are transferred to another organelle called... |
Golgi Apparatus |
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Golgi apparatus |
A flattened stack of membranes that sorts proteins into packages and packs them into vesicles |
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Vesicles |
A membrane bound structure that the Golgi body packages protein into |
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Vacuole |
A sac surrounded by a membrane that provide temporary storage. It stores food, enzymes, and sometimes waste |
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Lysosomes |
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria |
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What part do lysosomes play in the development of a frog? |
When a tadpole develops into a frog, lysosomes within the cells of the tadpole's tail cause its digestion. The molecules released are used to build different cells, perhaps in the legs of the adult frog |
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What provides energy in the cell? |
Chloroplast and mitochondria
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Chloroplast |
Cell organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy. |
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What is the structure of chloroplast? |
They have a folded inner membrane system called thylakoid membranes. The stacks of these thylakoid membranes are called grana and the fluid surrounding the grana is called stroma |
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What group of plant organelles does chloroplast belong to? |
Plastids |
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What do plastids do? |
Store starches, lipids, and pigments |
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Chlorophyll |
Traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color |
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Mitochondria |
Membrane bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for a cell |
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Name of energy produced by mitochondria |
ATP |
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Mitochondrion has an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane called what? |
Cristae |
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Cytoskeleton |
Maintain the shape of the cell |
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What is cytoskeleton made of? |
Microtubles and Microfilament |
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Microtubles |
Thin, hollow cylinders made of protein |
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Microfilaments |
Smaller, solid protein fibers |
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Centrioles |
Play a role in mitosis |
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Cilia |
Short, numerous projections that look like hairs |
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Flagella |
Longer projections that move in a whip-like motion |
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What do Cilia and Flagella do? |
Aid the cell in feeding and locomotion
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Vacuole |
A membrane bound, fluid filled sac |
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Golgi Body |
Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs |
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Ribosomes |
The sites of protein synthesis |
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ER |
A folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments in the cytoplasm |
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Cytoplasm |
The clear fluid inside the cell |
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Nucleus |
Organelle that manages cell functions in eukaryotic cells |
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Chloroplast |
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color |
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Lysosomes |
Digest excess or worn out cell parts, food particles, and invading viruses or bacteria |
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Ribosomes |
Small bumps located on the ER |
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Vacuoles |
Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes, and waste products |
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Cell Wall |
Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists |
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Mitochondria |
Produce a usable form of energy for the cell |
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Golgi Body |
Modifies protein chemically, then repackages them |
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Chloroplast |
Contains inner membranes arranged in stacks of membranous sacs called grana |
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Plastids |
Plant organelles that store starches or lipids or that contain pigments |
