Chapter 3: Sensory Contributions To Skilled Performance

Front 1

exteroception

Back 1

comes from outside the body

vision, hearing, smell

Front 2

proprioception

Back 2

comes from inside the body

through muscles and joints

kinethesis

Front 3

interoception

Back 3

comes from within the body, physiological

hunger and thirst

Front 4

parts of the body that contribute to proprioception

Back 4

vestibular apparatus- organs in the inner ear that give feedback on posture, balance, and head movement

muscle spindles- sensory receptors in muscles that signal length changes

golgi tendon organs- sensory receptors located where muscle and tendon meet, signal force at areas of the muscle

cutaneous receptors- skin, info about pressure, temperature, and touch

Front 5

human factors

Back 5

field of study concerned with interactions of humans and the design of a machine/instrument

Front 6

closed loop control system

Back 6

comparator- detects errors in system by comparing feedback of desired state to actual

executive- determines actions needed to maintain desired state

effector- carries out desired action

feedback- provides info to comparator to maintain desired state

Front 7

limitations to closed loop model

Back 7

time takes to go through loop, max of 3 corrections per second

sluggish for brief discrete actions, throwing something to someone who isn't looking

Front 8

reflexes

Back 8

involuntary, automatic, and rapid responses to stimuli

Front 9

M1 response

Back 9

30-50 ms

communication between muscle and spinal cord

adjusting for changes in posture

thousands of M1 responses can occur at a time unconsciously

Hick's law doesn't apply

Front 10

M2 reflex

Back 10

50-80 ms

muscle to spinal cord to brain

stronger response than M1

Hick's law doesn't apply

knee jerk reflex is combo of M1 and M2

skier going down moguls

Front 11

triggered reactions

Back 11

80-10 ms

wine glass response

skin, fingers, arm

involuntary, but may be controlled to some degree with exposure

Front 12

M3 response

Back 12

120-180 ms

can include many areas of body

consciously controlled

sensitive to Hick's law

Front 13

final common path

Back 13

all response combine together to produce muscle movement

Front 14

movement time

Back 14

duration of an entire movement

total time will dictate which reactions play a role

Front 15

paralysis by analysis

Back 15

paying attention to certain aspect of movement will result in impaired performance

let it flow

Front 16

focal vision

Back 16

primary visual system

focuses on center

conscious visual perception

degraded in low lighting

ability to focus affects performance

Front 17

ambient vision

Back 17

visual system that allows detection of body orientation

unconscious

take in all visual fields

Front 18

optical flow

Back 18

movement of patterns of light rays allowing for detection of motion, position, and timing

Front 19

visual proprioception

Back 19

visual sensory info about proprioceptive aspects

adjusting to moving object, looming, keeping eye on ball

Front 20

visual dominance

Back 20

tendency for vision to be the dominant sense during perception process

can be detrimental to performance

visual cues take longer to process than kinesthetic info

Front 21

visual capture

Back 21

tendency for visual info to capture one's attention more than other senses