Chapter 3 Prenatal Development

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Prenatal development

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Begins with the start of pregnancy and continues until the birth of the child, the nine months of gestation is usually divided into 3 month spans.

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Embryology

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is the study of prenatal development

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Primordium

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The earliest indication of a tissue types or an organ during prenatal development

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Congenital Malformations

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Birth defects that are evident at birth.

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Teratogens

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Malformations due to genetic factors, such as chromosome abnormalities or environmental agents and factors, which can include infections drugs and radiation

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Preimplantation Period

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first week after conception,

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fertilization

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when a females ovum is penetrated by united with a males sperm

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Zygote

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the union of the ovum and sperm subsequently forms a fertilized egg.

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Meiosis

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Process of reproductive cell production that ensures correct number of chromosomes.

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Karyotype

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Photographic analysis of chromosomes

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Cleavage

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Process during prenatal development when mitosis converts a zygote to a blastocyst.

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Blastocyst

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structure formed during prenatal development consisting of trophoblast cells and inner mass of cells that develop into embryo

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Implantation

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embedding of blastocyst in endometrium

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Trophoblast layer

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layer of peripheral cells of blastocyst

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embryoblast layer

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small inner mass of embryonic cells in blastocyst.

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down syndrome

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developmental defect involving chromosome no 21.

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Microdontia

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abnormally small teeth

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ectopic pregnancy

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implantation occurring outside the uterus

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embyonic period

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extends from the beginning of the second week to the end of the eighth week

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Embryo

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structure derived from implanted blastocyst.

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Induction

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first physiological process

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Proliferation

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which is controlled levels of cellular growth present during most of prenatal development

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Interstitial growth

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in which a tissue enlarges by the addition of layers on the outside of a structure.

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appositional growth

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occurs from deep within a tissue types of organ.

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differentiation

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change occurs in the embryonic cells which are identical genetically but later become quite distinct structurally and functionally.

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cytodifferentiation

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the development of different tissue types

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Histodifferentiation

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development of different tissue types within a structure

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Morphodifferentiation

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the development of the differing structure or shape
another word morphology

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Morphogenesis

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the process of development of specific tissue structure or shape, occurs due to the migration of embyonic cells , which followed by the inductive interactions of those cells.