Chapter 3: Nervous System

Front 1

Two Divisions of the Nervous System

Back 1

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Front 2

Organs of the Central Nervous System

Back 2

Brain

Spinal cord

Front 3

Organs of the Peripheral Nervous System

Back 3

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

Ganglia

Front 4

3 Functions if the Nervous System

Back 4

Monitor changes occuring inside and outside the body

Process and interpret sensory input to decide if action is needed

Respond to integrated stimuli

Front 5

Dendrite of a Nueron

Back 5

Conduct impulses toward the cell body

Front 6

Axon of a Neuron

Back 6

Conduct impulses away from the cell body

Front 7

Axonal Terminal of a Neuron

Back 7

The end of an axon

Releases neurotransmitters

Front 8

Cell Body of a Neuron

Back 8

Contains the nucleus

Metabolic center

Front 9

Schwann Cells

Back 9

Produce myelin sheath to insulate the axon

Front 10

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 10

Gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

Front 11

Synaptic Cleft of a Neuron

Back 11

Gap between adjacent neurons

Front 12

Synapse

Back 12

Joining of two nerves/between nerves

Front 13

Excitable Neuron

Back 13

Able to send impulses

Front 14

Neuroglial Cells Description

Back 14

Support the neuron

Non excitable

"Nerve glue"

Able to reproduce

Front 15

Astrocytes

Back 15

Star shaped cells

Connect capillaries and neurons

Control chemical environment

Front 16

Microglia

Back 16

Spider like phagocytes

Dispose of debris (dead brain cells, bacteria)

Front 17

Ependymal Cells

Back 17

Line cavities of brain and spinal cord

Circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Front 18

Oligodendrocytes

Back 18

Produce myelin sheath in the CNS

Front 19

Peripheral Nervous System Neuroglial Cells

Back 19

Satellite cells

Schwann cells

Front 20

Satellite Cells

Back 20

Protect neuron cell bodies

Front 21

Schwann Cells

Back 21

Form myelin sheath in the PNS

Front 22

Ganglia

Back 22

Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS

Front 23

Sensory (Afferent) Neuron

Back 23

Carry impulses from the receptors

Cutaneous sense organs and proprioceptors

Front 24

Proprioceptors

Back 24

Detect stretch or tension in muscles

Front 25

Motor (Efferent) Neuron

Back 25

Carry impulses from the central nervous system

Front 26

Interneurons (Association Neurons)

Back 26

Found in neural pathways of the CNS

Connect sensory and motor neurons

Front 27

Domino Effect

Back 27

dendrites pick up an impulse that's shuttled through the axon and transmitted to the next neuron

Front 28

2 Major Functions of a Neuron

Back 28

Irritability- ability to respond to stimuli

Conductivity- ability to transmit an impulse

Front 29

Neurotransmitters

Back 29

chemical secreted by an axon

Front 30

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Back 30

Lead to changes that generate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Front 31

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Back 31

Tend to block the changes that cause an action potential to be generated

Front 32

Examples of Somatic Reflexes

Back 32

Patellar (knee jerk)

Skeletal muscles

Flexor reflex

Front 33

Examples of Autonomic Reflexes

Back 33

Pupillary light reflex

Smooth muscle and glands

Regulation of blood pressure

Salivary reflex

Digestive system regulation

Front 34

Reflexes that Help Maintain Homeostasis

Back 34

Regulation of blood pressure

Shivering

Front 35

Dura Mater

Back 35

Outermost covering of the brain

Tough fibrous connective tissue

Forms the periosteum of the skull

Front 36

Arachnoid Mater

Back 36

Middle meningeal layer

Cobweb structure

Returns cerebrospinal fluid to the blood in the dural sinuses

Front 37

Pia Mater

Back 37

Innermost covering of the brain

Delicate and vascular

Front 38

Grey Matter

Back 38

Contains cell bodies and unmyelated fibers

Front 39

White Matter

Back 39

Contains clusters of cell bodies (nuclei)

Front 40

4 Main Parts of the Brain

Back 40

Paired Cerebral Hemispheres

Cerebellum

Brain Stem

Diencephalon

Front 41

Hypothalamus

Back 41

Regulation of water balance

Body temperature

Limbic system organ contains centers for pleasure, hunger, sex, etc.

(Hormone)

Front 42

Nerve Pathway

Back 42

Series of nuerons connected together to enable a signal to be transmitted

Front 43

Effector

Back 43

Muscle activated to respond to a stimulus

Front 44

Reflex

Back 44

Rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli

Front 45

Reflex Arch

Back 45

Direct root from a sensory nueron, to an internueron, to an effector organ

Front 46

Chemical Events that Lead to Conduction of an Impulse

Back 46

Threshold stimulus is received

Sodium channels in the membrane open

Sodium diffuses inward depolarizing the membrane

Potassium channels in the membrane open

Potassium diffuses outward repolarizing membrane

Resulting in an action potential and travels the length of the nerve fiber

Front 47

Conduction of a Nerve Impulse in the Synapse

Back 47

Calcium ions diffuse inward, causing synaptic vesicles to fuse to synaptic knob membrane

Vesicles release their neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Synaptic vesicles re-enter the cytoplasm of the axon to pick up more neurotranmitters

Front 48

Nerve Impulse

Back 48

A wave of action potential traveling the length of an axon

Front 49

The Release of a Neurotransmitter

Back 49

Action potential reaches axon terminal

Ca ion channels open causing vesicles to release neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters cross synapse

Neurotransmitters bind to neuroreceptors

Triggers signals in post synaptic neuron

Front 50

Meninges

Back 50

Protective membranes between bone and nervous system soft tissues

Front 51

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 51

Formed in the ventricles by choroid plexus

Forms watery cushion to protect brain

Front 52

Spinal Cord

Back 52

Continuation of the brain stem

Front 53

Function of the Spinal Cord

Back 53

Provides 2 way conduction pathway to and from the brain

Major reflex center

Front 54

Function of the Vertebrae

Back 54

Protection of the spinal cord

Front 55

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Back 55

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe

Temporal lobe

Front 56

Frontal Lobe

Back 56

Reasoning

Problem solving

Speech

Emotions

Actions

Front 57

Parietal Lobe

Back 57

Movement

Orientation

Recognition

Perception of stimulus

Front 58

Occipital Lobe

Back 58

Visual processing

Front 59

Temporal Lobe

Back 59

Auditory processing

Memory

Speech

Front 60

Function of the Pons

Back 60

Regulation of respiratory rythm

Front 61

Function of the Cerebellum

Back 61

Regulation of posture

Coordination of skeletal muscle movements

Front 62

Function of the Thalamus

Back 62

Relay station for afferent fibers traveling to the sensory cortex for interpretation

Front 63

Function of the Medulla Oblongata

Back 63

Autonomic centers regular blood pressure

Respiratory rhythm

Coughing and sneezing centers

Front 64

Corpus Callosum

Back 64

Large fiber tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres

Front 65

Polarized

Back 65

Fewer + ions are inside the cell

Front 66

Depolarization

Back 66

Sodium ions diffuse inward initiating an action potential in the neuron

Front 67

Repolarization

Back 67

Potassium ions diffusing outward

Front 68

Simple Reflex Arch Elements

Back 68

Stimulus

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Interneuron

Effector organ

Front 69

Tract

Back 69

Bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS

Front 70

Refractory Period

Back 70

Period of repolarization during which the neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus

Front 71

Potassium Ions

Back 71

Chief positive intracellular ion in a resting neuron

Front 72

Ventricles

Back 72

Cavities in the brain

Contain cerebrospinal fluid

Front 73

3 Parts of the Brain Stem

Back 73

Medulla Oblongata

Midbrain

Pons

Front 74

Broca's Area

Back 74

Specialized motor speech area

Located at the base of the precentral gyrus

Front 75

Fissures

Back 75

Divide cerebrum into lobes

Front 76

Gyrus (Gyri)

Back 76

Ridges on the surface of the brain

Front 77

Sulci (sulcus)

Back 77

Grooves

Front 78

Function of Folds on Surface of Brain

Back 78

Increase surface area

More locations for processes to take place

Front 79

Somatic Sensory Area of the Cerebrum

Back 79

Receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors

Front 80

Primary Motor Area of the Cerebrum

Back 80

Sends impulses to the skeletal muscles

Front 81

Central Fissure

Back 81

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

Front 82

Parietooccipital Fissure

Back 82

Divides parietal and occipital lobes

Front 83

Lateral Fissure

Back 83

Horizontal fissure dividing the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes

Front 84

Layers of the Cerebrum

Back 84

Gray matter

White matter (corpus callosum)

Basal Nuclei

Front 85

Gray Matter of the Cerebrum

Back 85

Outer layer

Front 86

White Matter of the Cerebrum

Back 86

Fiber tracts inside the gray matter

Front 87

Basal Nuclei of the Cerebrum

Back 87

Internal islands of gray matter

Front 88

Parts of the Diencephalon

Back 88

Thalamus-large superior area

Hypothalamus-inferior area

Epithalamus

Front 89

Diencephalon

Back 89

Sits on top of the brain stem

Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

Front 90

Epithalamus

Back 90

Roof of the third ventricle

Houses pineal body(endocrine gland)

Forms cerebrospinal fluid with choroid plexus

Front 91

Function of the Brain Stem

Back 91

Breathing

Heart beat

Blood pressure

Front 92

Neuron

Back 92

Nerve cell

Excitable

Transmits messages

Not able to divide