Chapter 3- Egypt

Front 1

Periods during Egypt

Back 1

-Old Kingdom
-Middle Kingdom
-New Kingdom

Front 2

Pharaohs were

Back 2

-Divine Ruler of Egypt
-Received kingship through birthright
-Afterlife was very important

Front 3

Old kingdom known for

Back 3

Pyramids
book of dead placed between legs
mummification to house ka, also ka statues

Front 4

Features of Middle Kingdom

Back 4

-rock cut tombs instead of pyramids
-period of unrest

Front 5

New Kingdom

Back 5

-Hidden tomb temples
-expansion
-first(only) woman pharaoh
-Akhinaten (new style that only lasted while he was alive)

Front 6

Hathor and Horus were

Back 6

Cow gods

Front 7

Conventions used to define rank in art

Back 7

-Size
-Composite pose
-centrality

Front 8

Palette of King Narmer (left, back;
right, front), from
Hierakonpolis, Egypt,
Predynastic, ca.
3000–2920 bce. Slate,
2 1 high. Egyptian
Museum, Cairo.

Back 8

-Old Kingdom, Egypt
-commemorate unification of upper and lower Egypt, Narmer defeats a foe
-made to prepare eye make up
-Has Horus and Hathor, divine support

Front 9

Imhotep, Stepped Pyramid
and mortuary precinct of Djoser,
Saqqara, Egypt, Third Dynasty,
ca. 2630–2611 bce.

Back 9

-Old Kingdom, Egypt
-first pyramid, made to house the ka of the king Djoser for afterlife
-center of immense funerary complex
-surrounded by limestone wall
-earliest columns in history, shaped like papyrus

Front 10

Great Pyramids, Gizeh,
Egypt, Fourth Dynasty. From
bottom: Pyramids of Menkaure,
ca. 2490–2472 bce; Khafre,
ca. 2520–2494 bce; and Khufu,
ca. 2551–2528 bce.

Back 10

-Old Kingdom, Egypt
-Shaped like ben-ben, the symbol of the sun god, pharaohs ascended to heavens on sun's rays
-oriented to compass points
-tomb and palace in afterlife

Front 11

Khafre enthroned, from Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty,
ca. 2520–2494 bce. Diorite, 5 6 high. Egyptian Museum, Cairo

Back 11

-Old Kingdom, Egypt
-dressed in traditional clothes
-Diorite sparkles in sun, looks ethereal
-ridged pose meant to last forever
-lotus and papyrus on throne symbolize ruler ship over united Egypt
-Horus on shoulders, divine ruler

Front 12

Ka-Aper,
Saqqara, ca.
2450–2350 BCE.

Back 12

-Old Kingdom, Egypt
-formality is relaxed with less important figure
-obesity attests to comfortable life due to high place in society

Front 13

Rock-cut tombs BH 3–5,
Beni Hasan, Egypt, 12th Dynasty,
ca. 1950–1900 bce.

Back 13

-Middle Kingdom, Egypt
-unrest led to more hidden rock cut tombs (robbers)
- hollowed out cliffs with shallow columnar porch leading to burial chamber
-columns serve no structural purpose but are fluted, which the Greeks later emulated
-statues and reliefs placed in tombs

Front 14

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (looking west with the Middle Kingdom mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II at left), Deir el-Bahri, Egypt, 18th
Dynasty, ca. 1473–1458 bce

Back 14

-New Kingdom, Egypt
-first great female monarch whose name is recorded
-Some have attributed the temple to SENMUT
Hatshepsut’s chancellor and possible lover, who is described as royal architect
-terraces were not barren they were gardens with frankincense trees and rare plants the pharaoh brought from the faraway “land of Punt” on the Red Sea
-said to be the daughter of the god Amen-Re

Front 15

the temple of Amen-Re, Karnak, Egypt, begun 15th century bce

Back 15

-New Kingdom, Egypt
-contains an artificial lake associated with the primeval waters of the Egyptian creation myth and a pylon temple with a bilaterally symmetrical axial plan
-hypostyle hall of the Amen-Re temple is crowded with columns. The columns support a roof of stone slabs carried on lintels
-Temple dedicated to gods, Successive kings often added to them until they reached gigantic size
-majority of the people were allowed only as far as the open court
-clerestory in hall lets in light to show horizontal
bands of painted sunken relief sculpture in columns

Front 16

Fowling scene, from the tomb of Nebamun,
Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1400–1350 bce.
Fresco on dry plaster, 2 8 high. British Museum,
London.

Back 16

-New Kingdom, Egypt
-Nebamun’s wife and daughter—depicted smaller
than the deceased—accompany him on his hunt
for fowl. A painted inscription states that
Nebamun is enjoying recreation in his eternal
afterlife.
-fresco secco
-Nebamun striding forward and vigorously swinging his throwing stick

Front 17

Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters,
from Amarna, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353–1335
bce. Limestone, 1 1–4  high. Ägyptisches Museum,
Berlin.

Back 17

-New Kingdom, Egypt
-rare intimate look at the royal family in a domestic setting. Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three of their daughters bask in the life-giving rays of Aton, the sun disk
-Style is unprecedented in Egyptian art. The political and religious revolution under Akhenaton
was matched by an equally radical upheaval in art

Front 18

Painted chest, from the
tomb of Tutankhamen, Thebes,
Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1333–1323
bce. Wood, 1 8 long. Egyptian
Museum, Cairo.

Back 18

-New Kingdom, Egypt
-Tutankhamen is here represented triumphing over Asian enemies. The artist contrasted the orderly registers of Egyptian chariots with
the chaotic pile of foreign soldiers who fall before the king.
-Tutankhamen probably was considered too young to fight, his position as king required that he be represented as a conqueror
-themes are traditional, but the fluid, curvilinear forms are features reminiscent of the Amarna style.

Front 19

Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb at Thebes, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, ca. 1290–1280 bce. Painted papyrus scroll, 1 6 high. British
Museum, London.

Back 19

-New Kingdom, Egypt
-The Book of the Dead contained spells and prayers. This scroll depicts the weighing of Hu-Nefer’s heart against Maat’s feather before the deceased can be brought before Osiris, god of the Underworld
-Anubis, the jackal-headed god of embalming, leads Hu-Nefer into the hall of judgment
-figures have all the formality of stance,
shape, and attitude of traditional Egyptian art return to conservatism is unmistakable.

Front 20

Anlantid figures

Back 20

Male figure columns

Front 21

caryatid figures

Back 21

female figure columns

Front 22

Clerestory

Back 22

High windows to let the light in

Front 23

Hypostyle hall

Back 23

hall of columns before the sanctuary, only important people allowed in

where columns support the roof