Chapter 3: Economic Renewal And Wars Of Religion

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Portuguese navigator, rounded Africa, landed on the Malabar Coast where he found a busy commercial population of different religious backgrounds. Was able to load his ships with coveted items, and on 2nd voyage he brought fighting fleet.

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Vasco de Gama

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First voyage in 1492, sailed with backing of Queen Isabella of Castille, and landed in West Indies. Made many trips around the Caribbean, still believing he had reached Asia.

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Columbus

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Led a Spanish expedition, and found a SW passage in 1520 so they sailed from the Atlantic into the Pacific, cross the Pacific, across the Indian and back to Spain.

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Magellan

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Sailed for England, Venetian Explorer known as the 2nd person to discover North America.

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Cabot

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Sailed for France, and was looking for the long and fruitless northwest passage to Pacific.

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Cartier

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The southwest coast of India, whom Vasco de Game landed on. Here there was a busy commercial population of many religious background. They did not know much at all about Europe.

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Malabar Coast

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Fortified station on the Malabar Coast which were built by the Portuguese. With other stations added to, it became an empire.

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Goa

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This decreased in most of Spanish America. This is because the Indians were used more often, although there were some laws protecting them.

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African slave trade

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In Peru, in 1545 these silver mines were discovered. This resulted in many different ways to get silver out, and this town became very prosperous.

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Potosi

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German family, who were entreprenuers, and invested their money in many trades. Eventually became bankers to the Habsburgs, they financed Portuguese trades with Asia.

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Fuggers of Augsbllrg

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This Italian family was very important in Renaissance banking and culture. They started out as merchants working in an expensive market and ended up as bankers.

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Medici of Florence

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This was a gradual inflation caused by the steady rise in prices, which is the steady decline in value of a given unit of money. It was very slow. One cause is that the population grew, which set up the demand for food. Land was used that was not as fertile, and therefore production costs went up and therefore prices went up.

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Price Revolution

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The economic changes in Europe, which signified the rise of a capitalistic economy and the transition from a town-centered to a nation-centered economic system.

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Commercial Revolution

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This bank attracted depositors because they knew their money would be safe, would earn interest, and could be withdrawn at will. Deposits thus flowed into the bank from all countries and enabled it to make low-interest loans that financed new commercial activities.

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Bank of Amsterdam

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Aka "putting out system", this was done by entrepreneurs who wanted to avoid the restrictive practices of the towns. They would put out work to people in the country, providing them with their looms and other equipment. The woman usually spun wool into thread and the men wove the thread into cloth.

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domestic system

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Small freeholders, which was a class that developed England that was between the landed gentry and the rural poor.

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yeomanry

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"Middle Class", owners of capital, who began to buy land in the country. They were more numerous in the 16th century. Near the top of this class were the urban elites, next were the families of merchants, bankers, and shipowners, as well as those of learned professions.

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bourgeoisie

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Well born people who were below the aristocracy but above the middle class. They usually earned their money off of their large landholdings. Most were found in England.

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gentry

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Passed in 1601, was to show that begging was a public nuisance and that the poor should be segregated in workhouses or hospices from the rest of the society. This was brought about during a time of charitable relieft in Europe.

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English Poor Law

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These schools combined the work of the English grammar school with what corresponded to the first year or two of university work. There were 167 important colleges existing at the time of the Revolution.

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colleges in France

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Lesser nobles, which was a majority of the students in Spain. They were apsiring to positions in the church or government, and were pretty much a part of the middle class.

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hidalgos

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Called this in Bohemia and adjoining territories, and were peasants who were forced into serfdom by their lord. These people usually owed the lord 3-4 days a week of forced labor, and the remaining days to work on their own field. In exchange the lord would give the peasants protection at a time when there were many religious wars.

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robot

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Ruler of the Spanish kingdoms, and eventually all of America and the Portuguese empire. He attempted to protect his own monarchy and enhance power, but it resulted in some conflicts with popes, and was therefore involved in religious wars.

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Philip II

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Queen of France who was the younger sister of Henry VIII of England. She was driven out by irate Calvinist lords, and would have also been queen of england if the pope and the king of spain were to have their way.

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Mary Tudor

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Painted pictures. Spanish painter in King Philip IV.

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Velazquez

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Painter, scultor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance.

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El Greco

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Painted pictures, one of the most important painters during his time.

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Murillo

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Wrote 200 dramas. Spanish Baroque playwright and poet.

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Lope de Vega

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Jesuit who composed works on philosophy and law there were read even in Protestant countries.

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Suarez

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Was sent to the Netherlands by Philip II, he proceeded to supress religion and political dissidents by establishing a Council of Troubles.

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Duke of Alva

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Was kept imprisoned by Queen Elizabeth. This was because Mary could be the queen instead if the pope could have his way. For this reason she was kept imprisoned so she was not a threat.

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Mary Stuart

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Spanish naval victory, in which Don Juan was the hero.The Turks were defeated here, and this was part of the ongoing military struggle for political and economic control of the Mediterranean. Some Spanish sailors wove a cross on their sails and portrayed their war with the Ottomans as a new Christian resistance to Islam.

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Battle of Lepanto

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Spanish Golden Age of its early modern culture, period of flourishing arts and literature. Many spainards were aware of the enduring tensions between high ideals and the difficult realities of social, political, and religious life.

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siglo de oro

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Royal residence created by Philip II which expressed its creator's political and religious determination. He built it in honor of St. Lawrence, on whose feast day he had won a battle over the French.

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Escorial

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Against Philip II, was political and religious at the same time, and became an economic struggle as well. It began when nobles began to check the foreign, or Spanish, influence in the Netherlands. The league petitioned Philip II not to employ the Spanish Inquisition, but he refused. A mass revolt broke out, and became national oppositon. The Netherlands was torn by anarchy, revolution, and civil war.

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Revolt of the Netherlands

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Were expelled from Spain in 1609, but were not assimilated by them. Included some of the best farmers and most skilled artisans in the country. They were the descendants of those Spaniards who, in the Muslim period, had adopted the Muslim religion and the Arabic language and culture. They were sent off, and Spain lost one of the most socially valuable minorities.

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Morisco

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Nicknamed the Council of Blood, by the Duke of Alva, sentenced some thousands to death, levied new taxes, and confiscated the estates of a number of important nobles. These measures united people of all classes in opposition.

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Council of Troubles

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Organized in 1602, both the Dutch and English began to found overseas colonies. This was caused because of the weakening of Spanish naval power, which opened the way to the sea.

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Dutch East India Co.

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King Henry II's widow, an Italian woman who brought to France some of the polish of renaissance Italy, along with some of its taste for political intrique, with which she attempted to govern the country for her royal sons. The country fell apart, and separated into the Huguenots and Catholics.

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Catherine de' Medici

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Leader of the Catholic party started by the Guise family. They wished to get rid of heresy, but also to govern France.

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Duke of Guise

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Throne came to him after Henry III and Henry of Guise were assassinated. He reigned as Henry IV. Most popular and most amiably remembered of all the French Kigs. In 1593 he accepted Calvinist faith and subjected him to the elaborate processes of papal absolution. He passed the edict of nantes, but was eventually assassinated.

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Henry of Navarre

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Led the Huguenots, he fought for local liberties in religion, while also hoping to drive out idolatry and popery of France and indeed the world. He was killed on St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

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Admiral de Coligny

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Political philosopher who was the first thinker to develop the modern theory of sovereignty. He held that in every society there must be one power strong enough to give law to all others, with their consent if possible, without their consent if necessary. Thus from all disorders of the religious wars in France was germinated by the idea of royal absolutism and of the sovereign state.

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Jean Bodin

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Cardinal, who could have been called a politique. It was the state, not the church, whose interests he worked to further. He tried to strengthen the state economically by mercantilist edicts. He let impoverished men into trade, and let wholesale merchants become nobles.

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Richelieu

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Henry IV's widow, under which the nobility and upper Catholic clergy again grew restless and forced the summoning of the estates general, in which many conflicting and mutually distrustful interests were represented that no program could be adopted. She let the control of affairs go to Richelieu.

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Marie de' Medici

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Son of Marie de' Medici, who gave the control of affairs to the ecclesiastic Richelieu.

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Louis XIII

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Led by Catherine de' Medici, because she wanted to get rid of both the Huguenots leaders at one time. Some thousands of Huguenots were dragged from their beds after midnight and unceremoniously murdered. Coligny was killed, but Henry of Navarre escaped temporarily by changing his religion. This led to an all out civil war.

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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

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The French had long struggled for its national or Gallican liberties. The French kings had dealt rudely with the popes, ignored the Council of Trent, and allied for political reasons with both the Lutherans and the Turks.

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Gallican liberties

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French Calvinists, all classes were joined in this. It was thought at first the noble were the ones to convert to Protestantism, but the poor also converted with the persuasion of the lord.

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Huguenots

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A group of Protestants who conluded that too much was being made of religion, that no doctrine was important enough to justify everlasting war, that perhaos after all there might be room for 2 churches, and that what the country needed above all was civil order.

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politiques

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Said by Henry IV, who decided that he would convert to Calvinist faith, and subjected himself to the elaborate processes of papal absolution. This was because Paris refused to admit the heretic king within its gates.

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"Paris is worth a Mass"

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Issued by Henry IV, granted to every seigner the right to hold Protestant services in his own household. It allowed Protestantism in towns where it was a fact in prevailing form of worship, and in any case in onw town of each bailiage throughout the country.

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Edict of Nantes

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About a dozen bodies, which developed as courts of law, each being the supreme court for a certain area of the country. They upheld fundamental laws that they said the king could not overstep, and they refused to enforce royal edicts.

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parelments

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King of Sweden, he created the most modern army of all time, noted for his firm disipline, high courage, and mobile cannon. He was a religious man, and was ideally suited to be the Protestant champion. Was killed at Lutzen.

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Gustavus Adolphus

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Emperor Ferdinand commissioned him to raise an army of his own private iniative. He assembed a force of professional fighters, of all nationalities, who lived by pillage rather than by pay.

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Duke of Wallenstein

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The first phase of the war began here, the Bohemians dealt with the 2 emissaries from the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Matthias, where he tried to restore authority, but they threw him out and elected a new king. The Habsburg goal was to reconquer and revolutionize Bohemia.

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Bohemia

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The Bohemians dealt with the leaders from the Holy Roman Emperor who was also their king, and threw them out the window. This idea was commonly used in this country.

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defenestration of Prague

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The Emperor Ferdinand, assisted by the pope, Spanish troops, and the forces of Catholic Bavaria, overwhelmed the Bohemians at this battle.

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battle of White Mountain

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The emperor declared all church territories secularized since 1552 automatically restored to the Catholic Church. Some of these territories had been Protestant since the oldest person could remember.

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Edict of Resitution

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Agreement for the Holy Roman Empire, in which a settlement was agreed upon, in the treaties of Munster and Osnabruck, aka Peace of Westphalia. It only renewed the terms of the Peace of Augsburg, granting each German state the right to determine its own religion, but also added Calvinism to Lutheranism and Catholicism as an acceptable faith.

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Peace of Westphalia

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French term for national interest,which is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural.

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raison d'etat

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King of Denmark from 1588 until his death. He went to war against the combined Emperor and the League.He had an alliance with Sweden, and was able to conclude in peace with the emperor.

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King Christian of Denmark