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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Culture?
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“Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.” - Edward Tylor
“A system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.” - Hofstede, Namenwirth, and Weber More related to business |
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Culture, Society, and the Nation State
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A society is a group of people bound together by a common culture
There is not a strict one-to-one correspondence between a society and a nation state Nation State: Is a political creation May contain a single culture or several cultures India had both British and Indian culture |
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The Determinants of Culture
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Language
Spoken Verbal cues Language structures perception of world Unspoken Body language Personal space Formal Education Medium through which many of society’s language, conceptual, and mathematical skills are taught Supplements the family’s role in socializing the young into the values and norms of a society Schools teach social and political values and the fundamental obligations of citizenship Cultural norms are also taught indirectly at school respect for others obedience to authority honesty neatness being on time competition and personal acheivement (grading system) |
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Dimensions of Culture in the Workplace: Power distance
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Power distance – extent of power differential across societal groups
Stratification in society that determines power Born into specific group that gives power in society Education |
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Dimensions of Culture in the Workplace: Individualism versus collectivism
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Individualism versus collectivism - the relationship between the individual and others within a culture
Individualism: society believes in the individual (can accomplish things on your own) Collectivism: Family (or work group) supports you, and will be the determinant of success USA is very individualistic |
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Dimensions of Culture in the Workplace: Uncertainty avoidance
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Uncertainty avoidance - extent to which individuals are comfortable with uncertain or ambiguous situations
Some people have problems dealing with uncertain situations |
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Dimensions of Culture in the Workplace: Masculinity versus femininity
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Masculinity versus femininity - the relationship between gender and work roles
Certain traits are associated with men and others women Aggressiveness, forthrightness, honesty-Men Gentile, Docile, diplomatic-Women Society has a preference for some traits |
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Dimensions of Culture in the Workplace: Time orientation
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Time orientation – acceptable time for fruits of labor (drawn from Confucianism)
Professor at OSU figured this one out How comfortable you are with waiting to see the fruits of labor |
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Work-Related Values for 20 Selected Countries
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Study
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Long-Term Orientation Across Countries
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Study
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National Cultural Clustering: Ronen and Shenkar’s culture clustering
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Study!!
Independent countries (Brazil, Israel, Japan, India) Brazil: heiratige comes from Portugal (instead of Spain), influenced by Africa (something is different about their country) Israel: New country, different types of people are in Israel (many cultures came at once) Japan: Closed off country from foreigners for a while India: Invaded by many forces all over the world KNOW THIS |
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Problems with Hofstede
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Assumes one-to-one relationship between culture and the nation state
Research may have been culturally bound From Netherlands, could be wrong Survey respondents were from a single industry (computer) and a single company (IBM) |
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Cultural Change
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Culture is not a constant; it evolves over time
Since 1960s American values toward the role of women have changed Japan moved toward greater individualism in the workplace Globalization will continue to have impacts on cultures around the world |
