Chapter 3: Cells And Tissues

Front 1

Cells differ notably in ____________

Back 1

Shape

Front 2

________ cells vary considerably in size; all are microscopic

Back 2

Human

Front 3

cells contain ____________, a substance found only in cells

Back 3

cytoplasm

Front 4

__________ are specialized structures within the cytoplams

Back 4

Organelles

Front 5

______________ is surrounded by plasma membrane

Back 5

cell interior

Front 6

____________ forms outer boundary of cell

Back 6

plasma membrane

Front 7

plasma membrane is composed of thin, two-layered membrane of _________ and is embedded with ___________

Back 7

phosholipids; proteins

Front 8

plasma membrane is selectively ___________

Back 8

permeable

Front 9

Cytoplams is all cell substance from the _____to the __________

Back 9

nucleus ; plasma membrane

Front 10

__________ is the internal framework of a cell

Back 10

cytoskeleton

Front 11

cytoskeleton is made up of _______ and ________

Back 11

microfilaments; microtubules

Front 12

cytoskeleton provides ______ and _______ for the cell and organelles

Back 12

support; movement

Front 13

________ are made of two tiny subunits of mostly rIbosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 13

Ribosomes

Front 14

Ribosomes may attach to _________ ER or lie free in cytoplasm

Back 14

rough

Front 15

Ribosomes manufacture enzymes and other proteins; often called _____________

Back 15

protein factories

Front 16

A network of connecting sacs and canals are called _____________________

Back 16

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Front 17

ER ________ substances through cytoplasm

Back 17

carries

Front 18

___________ collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes

Back 18

rough ER

Front 19

_________ synthesizes chemicals; makes new membrane

Back 19

smooth ER

Front 20

_____ is a group of flattened sacs near the nucleus

Back 20

golgi apparatus

Front 21

golgi apparatus collects chemicals into _______ that move from the smooth ER outward to the plasma membrane

Back 21

vesicles

Front 22

golgi apparatus is often called the _____ and _____ of a cell

Back 22

chemical processing; packaging center

Front 23

_____ is composed of inner and outer membranous sacs

Back 23

mitochondria

Front 24

the mitochondria is involved with ______ chemical reactions (cellular respiration)

Back 24

energy-releasing

Front 25

mitochondria is often called __________ of the cell

Back 25

power plants

Front 26

each mitochondrion contains one _______ molecule

Back 26

DNA

Front 27

_____ are membrane-enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes

Back 27

lysosomes

Front 28

lysosomes have _______ function (eat microbes)

Back 28

protective

Front 29

lysosomes were formerly thought to be responsible for _______(programmed cell death)

Back 29

apoptosis

Front 30

______ is the microtuble-organizing region of the cytoskeleton near the nucleus

Back 30

centrosome

Front 31

_______ are paired organelles that lie at the right angles to each other within the centrosome and function in moving chromosomes during cell reproduction

Back 31

centrioles

Front 32

_____ is a short extension of the plasma membrane that increase surface area and produce slight movements that enhance absorption by the cell

Back 32

microvilli

Front 33

_____ are hairlike extensions with inner microtubules found on free or exposed surfaces of all cells; serve sensory functions, but some are also capable of moving together in a wavelike fashion to propel mucus across a surface

Back 33

cilia

Front 34

_____ are single projections (much longer than cilia) that act as "tails" of sperm

Back 34

flagella

Front 35

__________ controls the cell because it contains most of the genetic code (genome), instructions for making proteins, which in turn determine cell structure and function

Back 35

nucleus

Front 36

nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, and chromatin granules are all ___________ of the nucleus

Back 36

component structures

Front 37

DNA molecules become tightly coiled chromosomes during ________

Back 37

cell division

Front 38

____ nuclear chromosomes contain DNA, which contains genetic code

Back 38

46

Front 39

every human cell has a designated function: some help _____ the cell and others _____ life processes

Back 39

maintain; regulate

Front 40

________ functions of a cell differ depending on the number and type of organelles

Back 40

specialized

Front 41

______ do not require added energy and result in movement "down a concentration gradient"

Back 41

passive transport processes

Front 42

______ occurs when substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space, the particles moving from high to low concentration; may thus move through channels or carriers in a membrane to reach an equilibrium (equality of concentration)

Back 42

diffusion

Front 43

_____ means it is unnecessary to add energy to the system

Back 43

passive process

Front 44

_____ is the diffusion of water (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane

Back 44

osmosis

Front 45

_____ is diffusion of small solute particles

Back 45

dialysis

Front 46

____ is the movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of the membrane

Back 46

filtration

Front 47

_____ only occur in living cells; movement of substances is " up the concentration gradient"

Back 47

active transport processes

Front 48

____ is a protein complex in the cell membrane

Back 48

an ion pump

Front 49

ion pumps use energy from ____ to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients

Back 49

ATP

Front 50

____ and _____ are examples of ion pumps

Back 50

sodium-potassium pumps; calcium pumps

Front 51

some ion pumps work with other carriers so that ____ or ____ are transported along with ions

Back 51

glucose; amino acids

Front 52

_____ or "cell eating" engulfs large particles in a vesicle as a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria or debris from tissue damage

Back 52

phagocytosis

Front 53

_____ or "cell drinking" engulfs fluids or dissolved substances into cells

Back 53

pinocytosis

Front 54

both pino and phago cytosis are active transport mechanisms because they require_____ to move the cytoskeleton in a way that engulfs material and pulls it into the cell

Back 54

cell energy

Front 55

DNA structure can be described as a large molecule shaped like a __________

Back 55

spiral staircase

Front 56

______ and ______ units compose the sides of the DNA molecule

Back 56

sugar (deoxyribose); phosphate

Front 57

base pairs _________ or _______ compose the "steps of the DNA molecule

Back 57

adenine-thymine; guanine-cystosine

Front 58

the base pairings are always the same (complementary base pairing), but the _______ of base pairs differs in different DNA molecules

Back 58

sequence

Front 59

a _______ is a specific sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule

Back 59

gene

Front 60

genes dictate formation of enzymes and other proteins by ribosomes, thereby indirectly determining a cell's structure and functions; in short; genes are _______

Back 60

hereditary determinants

Front 61

_______ is stored in base-pair sequences on genes and expressed through protein synthesis

Back 61

genetic information

Front 62

__________ occurs in cytoplasm; thus genetic information must pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Back 62

protein synthesis

Front 63

the process of transferring genetic information from nucleus to cytoplasm where proteins are produced requires completion of _______ and _____

Back 63

transcription; translation

Front 64

during _______ double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA, each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene from a segment of DNA, and mRNA molecules pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where they direct protein synthesis in ribosomes and ER

Back 64

transcription

Front 65

______ involves the synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes

Back 65

translation

Front 66

translation requires use of information contained in ______

Back 66

mRNA

Front 67

____ is a series of three nucleotide bases that acts as a code for a specific amino acid; involved in translation

Back 67

codon

Front 68

_____ is the reproduction of the cell involving the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the cytoplasm

Back 68

cell division

Front 69

_____ result from the division of a cell

Back 69

two daughter cells

Front 70

period when the cell is not actively dividing is called ______

Back 70

interphase

Front 71

______ helps stabilize the phospholipid molecules to prevent breakage of the plasma membrane

Back 71

cholesterol

Front 72

______ is the process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule identical to the original DNA molecule; precedes mitosis

Back 72

DNA replication

Front 73

____ is the process in cell division that distributes identical nuclear choromosomes (DNA molecules) to each new cell formed when the original cell divides; enables cells to reproduce their own kind; makes heredity possible

Back 73

mitosis

Front 74

____ is the first stage of mitosis; chromatin granules become organized; chromosomes appear; centrioles move away from nucleus; nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material; spindle fibers appear

Back 74

prophase

Front 75

____ is the second stage of mitosis; chromosomes align across center of cell; spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid

Back 75

metaphase

Front 76

____ is the third stage of mitosis; centromeres break apart; separated chromatids are now chromosomes; chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of cell; cleavage furrow develops at end of stage

Back 76

anaphase

Front 77

____ is the fourth stage of mitosis; cell division is completed; nuclei appear in daughter cells; nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear; cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis); daughter cells become fully functional

Back 77

telophase

Front 78

results of cell division include: two identical cells, ______ tissues or the _______ of old or damaged cells

Back 78

growing; replacement

Front 79

____ is the process by which daughter cells can specialize and form different kinds of tissue

Back 79

differentiation

Front 80

______ of mitotic division can produce benign or malignant neoplasms (tumors)

Back 80

abnormalities