Chapter 3 Bio The Molecules Of The Cell

Front 1

organic compounds

Back 1

complex molecules organized around skeletons of carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains; includes biomolecules.

Front 2

hydrocarbon

Back 2

an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen

Front 3

carbon skeleton

Back 3

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

Front 4

isomer

Back 4

compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

Front 5

functional group

Back 5

group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules

Front 6

hydrophilic

Back 6

having an affinity for water

Front 7

carboxylic acid

Back 7

an organic acid characterized by one or more carboxyl groups

Front 8

amine

Back 8

organic compounds with amino groups

Front 9

macromolecule

Back 9

any very large complex molecule

Front 10

polymer

Back 10

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Front 11

monomer

Back 11

a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Front 12

dehydration reaction

Back 12

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water

Front 13

hydrolysis

Back 13

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Front 14

enzyme

Back 14

specialized protein that speeds up chemical reactions

Front 15

carbohydrate

Back 15

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body

Front 16

monosaccharide

Back 16

a simple sugar

Front 17

disaccharide

Back 17

a sugar formed from two monosaccharides

Front 18

polysaccharide

Back 18

any of a class of carbohydrates whose molecules contain chains of monosaccharide molecules

Front 19

starch

Back 19

a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Front 20

glycogen

Back 20

polysaccharide that stores glucose in animals

Front 21

cellulose

Back 21

a polysaccharide that is the chief constituent of all plant tissues and fibers

Front 22

chitin

Back 22

complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi; also found in the external skeletons of arthropods

Front 23

lipid

Back 23

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Front 24

hydrophobic

Back 24

lacking affinity for water

Front 25

fat

Back 25

a large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

Front 26

unsaturated

Back 26

referring to fats/fatty acids with double bonds in the carbon chain

Front 27

saturated

Back 27

referring to fats/fatty acids with the maximum number of hydrogens

Front 28

phospholipids

Back 28

the molecules that form much of the cell membrane

Front 29

steroids

Back 29

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Front 30

cholesterol

Back 30

specialized lipid that is used in cell membranes and making hormones

Front 31

anabolic steroid

Back 31

a synthetic variant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects

Front 32

protein

Back 32

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes

Front 33

amino acid

Back 33

organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group

Front 34

peptide bond

Back 34

covalent bond formed between amino acids

Front 35

polypeptide

Back 35

a polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Front 36

denaturation

Back 36

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

Front 37

primary structure

Back 37

the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids

Front 38

secondary structure

Back 38

the localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages

Front 39

alpha helix

Back 39

type of secondary structure that looks like a slinky

Front 40

pleated sheet

Back 40

type of secondary structure that looks like a paper fan

Front 41

tertiary structure

Back 41

overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide

Front 42

quaternary structure

Back 42

interactions between two or more polypeptides creating a functional protein

Front 43

gene

Back 43

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Front 44

DNA

Back 44

deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

Front 45

RNA

Back 45

ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis

Front 46

nucleic acids

Back 46

very long organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, contain instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life

Front 47

nucleotide

Back 47

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Front 48

double helix

Back 48

the form of DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape