Chapter 3

Front 1

The basic structure and functional unit of the human body is

Back 1

cell

Front 2

the smallest living unit in the human body

Back 2

cells

Front 3

the study of structure of individual cells

Back 3

cytology

Front 4

Fluid medium inside the cell

Back 4

cytoplasm

Front 5

watery component of cytoplasm

Back 5

cytosol

Front 6

the principal cations in our body fluids are

Back 6

sodium and postasium

Front 7

Where do we find a higher concentration of proteins? in the intracellular or extracellular fluid?

Back 7

intracellular

Front 8

is extracellular fluid responsible for the storage of proteins or is it used as a transport medium only?

Back 8

transport medium

Front 9

name the other two names of cell membrane? is the cell wall considered the cell membrane

Back 9

plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane ; No

Front 10

Functions of cell membrane

Back 10

separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings.

Front 11

classifications of organells

Back 11

Chloroplast

Cilia

Flagella

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lysosome

Golgi body

Cytoskeleton

Nucleus

Nucleoli

Ribosomes

Mitochondria

Vacuoles

Cell Wall

Chromosomes

Cell Membrane

Front 12

Membraneus organells

Back 12

Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, mitochondria, Lysosomes, ER, vacuoles, vesicles, and plastids

Front 13

Nonmembranous

Back 13

Ribosomes, Cytoskeletal Structures, Centrioles, and Basal Bodies

Front 14

function of each organelle

Front 15

centrioles

Back 15

is a cylindrical cell structure composed mainly of a protein called tubulin that is found in most eukaryotic cells. makes up centrosome

Front 16

all animal cells capable of undergoing cell division contain a pair of

Back 16

centrioles

Front 17

during cell division the centrioles form a spindle apparatus associated with the movement of

Back 17

DNA strands

Front 18

function of microvilli

Back 18

absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction

Front 19

function of cilia

Back 19

produce movement

Front 20

RER

Back 20

containing ribosomes that give its surface an uneven appearance, involved in the synthesis of proteins in plant and animal cells

Front 21

SER

Back 21

is tubular in form (rather than sheet-like) and lacks ribosomes.

Front 22

a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes are

Back 22

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 23

Golgi appartatus

Back 23

This organelle typically functions to carry proteins within the cell and out of the cell. Its' function is to modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the cellular endoplasmic reticulum for storage within the cell and the secretion to the exterior of the cell. forms lysosomes

Front 24

which components of cytoskeleton are responsible for the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Back 24

microtubules

Front 25

membrane lipids

Back 25

phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol

Front 26

characteristics of phospholipids

Back 26

They can form lipid bilayers because of their amphiphilic characteristic. The structure of the phospholipid molecule generally consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic "head" consisting of amponents are joined together by a glycerol molecule.

Front 27

membrane protein functions

Back 27

1. Anchors

2. Identifiers

3. Enzymes

4. Receptors

5. Carriers

6. Channels

Front 28

nucleus

Back 28

the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth

Front 29

nuclear envelope

Back 29

two layered membrane that encases the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, which separates the nucleus from other cell organelles

Front 30

carbohydrates

Back 30

Carbohydrates often attach to the external surface of integral proteins. These carbohydrates may hold adjoining cells together or act as sites where viruses or chemical messengers such as hormones can attach.

Front 31

glycolax

Back 31

is a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia and other cells.uses to distinguish between its own healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased cells, or invading organisms

Front 32

the cells DNA is located in the

Back 32

mitochondrion

Front 33

location and number of chromosomes

Back 33

centromere, 23 pairs or 46

Front 34

chromatin

Back 34

complex of macromolecules found in cells, consisting of DNA, protein, and RNA. The primary functions of chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, 2) to reinforce the DNA macromolecule to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to control gene expression and DNA replication.

Front 35

nucleoli

Back 35

small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

Front 36

movement of materials across cell membrane

Back 36

passive and active

Front 37

diffusion

Back 37

movement of a substance down a concentration gradient

Front 38

the movement of oxygen from a high concentration area to a low concentration are is

Back 38

diffusion

Front 39

osmosis

Back 39

spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides

Front 40

facilitated diffusion

Back 40

process of spontaneous passive transport (as opposed to active transport) of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins

Front 41

carrier mediated transport

Back 41

Movement of substances across the plasma membrane by protein carrier molecules (integral membrane protein) --used when molecule cannot cross membrane or crosses very slowly --protein carrier molecules are embedded in lipid, and have site which specifically binds the molecules --binding of the molecule to the site promotes a conformational change in protein carrier, resulting in transport of molecule across membrane. Channel is never formed

Front 42

hypotonic solution

Back 42

Less solutes, more water Cell - More solutes, less water

Front 43

hypertonic solution

Back 43

More solutes, less water Cell - Less solutes, more water

Front 44

isotonic solution

Back 44

Equal" solutes, "equal" water Cell - "Equal" solutes, "equal" water

Front 45

crentation

Back 45

contraction of a cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution, due to the loss of water through osmosis

Front 46

hemolysis

Back 46

rupturing of erythrocytes and the release of their contents into surrounding fluid

Front 47

apoptosis

Back 47

cell death

Front 48

vesicular transport, is it an active transport

Back 48

is a membrane protein that regulates or facilitates the movement of specific molecules (transporter substrates) across a vesicular membrane.

Yes

Front 49

types of vesicular transport

Back 49

(1) isolation of yeast mutants that are defective in protein transport and sorting; (2) reconstitution of vesicular transport in cell-free systems; and (3) biochemical analysis of synaptic vesicles, which are responsible for the regulated secretion of neurotransmitters by neurons.

Front 50

exocytosis

Back 50

form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis) by expelling them in an energy-using process.

Front 51

endocytosis

Back 51

active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell (endo- + cytosis) by engulfing them in an energy-using process.

Front 52

pinocytosis

Back 52

cell drinking, fluid endocytosis, and bulk-phase pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles are brought into the cell, forming an invagination, and then suspended within small vesicles

Front 53

phagocytosis

Back 53

engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome.

Front 54

meiosis

Back 54

cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes

Front 55

mitosis

Back 55

part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus.

Front 56

mitosis is to somatic cells as meiosis is to

Back 56

germ cells

Front 57

What is interphase?

Back 57

the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell

Front 58

prophase

Back 58

is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible

Front 59

metaphase

Back 59

eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their second-most condensed and coiled stage (they are at their most condensed in anaphase). These chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the equator of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells

Front 60

anaphase

Back 60

the stage of meiotic or mitotic cell division in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle.

Front 61

telophase

Back 61

the final stage of mitosis (or the phase in which cells split apart), cell division is finishing up. The cell membrane closes, creating two separate cells.

Front 62

cytokinesis

Back 62

process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells

Front 63

describe the characteristics of a daughter cell

Back 63

Either of the two cells formed when a cell undergoes cell division. Daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell because they contain the same number and type of chromosomes