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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neurons |
-Basic building blocks (Information processing/transmitting cells of the nervous system) -Integrate and fire -Communicate via electrical and chemical signals |
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Glial Cells |
Supporting cells |
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Membrane Potential |
Charge across membrane |
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Ion Channels |
Embedded in cell membrane control movement of ions |
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Sodium-Potassium Pump |
Places more Na+ outside of the ion, and more K+ inside the ion; in resting state, inside of neuron is more negative than outside = polarized (-70 mV) ; ions will try to move to equalize concentration and charge -Pumps 3 Na+ outside neuron for every 2 K+ it pumps inside |
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Action Potential |
-Excitation causes membrane to become depolarized -When membrane reaches threshold level (-55 mV), action potential is triggered -Rapid reversal of membrane potential (inside becomes positive) and rapid reversal to normal -Na+ ions rush inside until 50+ mV is reached and then K+ ions rush outside -AP travels down axon (like a wave) -ALL or NONE event |
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Myelin |
Fatty substance produced by glial cells to insulate long axons |
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Synapse |
Site of chemical communication between neurons (narrow channel of communication) |
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Neurotransmitter |
Molecules that carry the neuronal signal across the synaptic cleft (little purple dots) |
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Receptor |
Neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel (receives all the neurotransmitters; the purple tube) |
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Exocytosis |
Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft |
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Excitatory (EPSPS) /Inhibitory (IPSPS) Effects |
Functions of the receptors that the neurotransmitters bind to; different ion channels = different post-synaptic results |
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Neural Code |
Frequency (rate) and timing of action potentials is variable |
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Agonists |
Increased transmission, increased effect on postsynaptic neuron |
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Antagonists |
Decreased transmission, decreased effect on postsynaptic neuron |
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Nervous System |
Central Peripheral Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Autonomic Sympathetic ParaSymp |
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Spinal Cord |
Controls simple reflexes and repetitive motion |
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Brain Stem |
1/2 of the brain; survival, alertness, arousal, sleep, produces dopamine, regulates motivation |
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Cerebellum |
control of balance, smooth movement & coordination, gaze fixation, motor learning and memory |
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Cerebrum (Forebrain) |
Evolutionary youngest, gray (axon fibers) & white matter (cell bodies) |
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Cortex (gray matter) |
outer layer of cell bodies, dendrites & short axons that make up the cerebrum |
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White matter |
long, myelinated axons connecting neurons in distant locations of the brain -Sulcus: groove in the cortex -Gyrus: bump in the cortex |
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Corpus Callosum |
thick band of myelinated axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Frontal |
-Personality -Motor control -Goal directed behavior -Cognitive Control -Impulse Control -Problem Solving |
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Parietal |
-Touch -Motion perception -Spatial processing |
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Occipital |
Vision |
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Temporal |
-Face perception -Object perception -Hearing and comprehension -Memory |
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Homunculus ("little man") |
distorted map of the body stretched out across primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex |
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Subcortical Nuclei |
masses of gray matter that lie below the cerebral cortex, embedded in white matter (basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus) |
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Thalamus |
sensory gateway |
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Hypothalamus |
regulates body function |
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Hippocampus |
memory |
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Amygdala |
Emotion, fear |
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Basal ganglia |
Movement, reward system with dopamine |
