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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acids & Bases
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When water dissociates, it releases Hydrogen H+ & Hydroxide (OH-)ions.
Acidic solutions have a high H+ concentration. Acid releases H+ ions when dissolved in water. Basic Solutions have a low H+ concentration. Base releases OH- ions when dissolved in water. |
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pH Scale
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- a mathematical way of indicating the numebr of H+ ions in a solution.
- pH scale used to express acidity or basicity (alkalinity) - scale goes from 0 (acid) to 14 (base) with 7 as neutral. |
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Buffer
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- A buffer is a chemical or combination of chemicals that keeps a pH within a given range.
- Buffers resist change in pH by taking up extra H+ or OH- from solution. |
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Organic Moloecules
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- Organic molecules contain carbon & hydrogen
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Carbon Sketon & Functional Groups
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- Carbon chain is skeleton or backbone.
- Carbon skeletons can have attached functional groups that determine reactivity of that molecule. |
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Functionsl Groups
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Hydroxyl -OH (alcohols, sugars)
Carboxyl -COOH (amino acids, fatty acids) Amino -NH2 (amino acids, proteins) Sulfhydryl -SH (amino acids, cycteine, proteins) Phosphate -P (ATP, nucleic acids) |
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Functional Groups Specificity
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- Hydrocarbons containing Carbon & Hydrogen (hydrophobic)
- Sugars & alcohols contain polar hydroxyl(OH)(hydrophyllic) - Carboxyls (COOH)both polar & acidic |
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Organic Molecules of Cells - Four Categories
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- Carbohydrates
- Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic Acids These compounds released to form large MACROmolecules |
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Mascromolecules
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- Contructed by linking toegether similar subunits, MONOmers
- Repeating chain of monomers called POLYmer. - Macromolecules synthesized by DEhydration synthesis -Macromolecules are degraded by Hydrolysis |
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Carbohydrates
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- single sugar or two sugar molecules bonded together
(mono- or di- saccharide) - Glucose (monosaccharide) - Monsaccacharide is ready energy - Disaccharide many uses (maltose, sucrose): fermentation, table sugar, energy storage -Polysaccharide energy storage (starch & glycogen); structural (cellulose (plant wall), chitin (crabs, lobster exoskelton)) |
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Lipids
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- Diverse group, Insolubale in water
- Fats & oils - Phospholipid compnents of membranes that surround cells - Steriods used as hormones & other purposes - FATS & OILS (energy storage) |
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Lipids - Fats & Oils
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- FATS & OILS contains two subunits, glycerol & fatty acids
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Lipids - Fatty Acids
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- since 3 fatty acids attached to one glycerol, fats & oils called TRIglcerides
- Fatty acids have 16-28 carbon atoms - Saturated Fatty Acids have NO double bonds - Unsaturated Fatty Acids have at least one double bond |
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Lipids - Phospholipids (cell membranes)
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- contain glycerol + 2 fatty acids + hydroxyl (OH)
- hydrophobic tail & hydrophillic head |
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Lipids - Steriods
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- have 4 fused hydrocarbon rings
- hormones, cholesterol, anabolics |
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Proteins
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- structural (keratin, collagen)
- enzymatic - transport (hemoglobin) - defense (antibodies) - regulatory (insulin) - contractile (actin & myosin in cells & muscles) |
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Proteins - Amino Acids
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- subunits of proteins
- -NH2 + -COOH = amino acid - two or more aminoacids linked together, Peptide - chain of amino acids called polypeptide |
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Proteins - Shape
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- primary structure is sequence of amino acids
- secondary struture form ofhelix or a pleated sheet - tertiary structure formed with secondary folded & twisted (rounded, 3D shape) - proteins with more that one polypeptide have a quadinary structure (globular) - denaturing is protein losing form |
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Nucleic Acids
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- DNA (genetic info)& RNA (reads DNA)
- polymers of nucleotides - 2 parts: phosphate group (-PO4), 5 carbomn, nitrogen base |
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Nucleic Acids versus Amino Acids
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- Amino = bldg blocks of proteins
- Nucleotides = bldg blocks of amino acids |
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Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
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Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA - Bases in DNA: thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine - Bases in RNA: uracil,adenine, cytosine, guanine - complemetary pair of DNA pass info to RNA - info in DNA in triplet code - ifor in DNA coded in genes (Human Genome Project) |
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Proteins & Nucleic Acids
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- order of amino acids determine shape & function of protein
- DNA contains instrucitons for sequence of amino acids in eahc protein. |
