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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Action pathway
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Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people take action. Corresponds to the where pathway
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Algorithm
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A procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem
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Audiovisual mirror neuron
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Neuron in the monkey premotor cortex that responds when a monkey performs an action and also when it hears the sound associated with this action (for example, the action associated with breaking a peanut, and the associated sound)
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Bottom-up processing
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Processing that starts with information received by the receptors. This type of processing can also be called data-based processing
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Brain ablation
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A procedure in which a specific area is removed form an animal's brain. It is usually done to determine the function of this area by assessing the effect on the animal's behavior
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Componential recovery, principle of
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The principle associated with recognition-by-components theory that states that if we can recover (see) an object's geons, we can identify the object
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Dissociation
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A situation in cases of brain damage, in which the damage causes a problem in one function while not affecting other functions
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Double dissociation
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A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person, and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present; function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged; function B is present)
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Experience-dependent plasticity
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A mechanism that causes an organism's neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed
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Familiarity, law of
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Law of perceptual organization that states that things are more likely to from groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful
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Feedback signal
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Neural signal that travels back from higher centers to influence incoming signals
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Geon
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The basic feature unit of the recognition-by-components approach to object perception. These are basic three-dimensional volumes
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Gestalt psychologists
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A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of recognition, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring
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Good continuation, law of
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Law of perceptual organization stating that points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together. In addition, lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
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Good figure, law of
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Pragnanz law
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Heuristic
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A "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem
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Landmark discrimination problem
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Problem in which the task is to remember an object's location and to choose that location after a delay. Associated with research on the where processing stream
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Light-from-above heuristic
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The assumption that light is coming form above. This heuristic can influence how we perceive three-dimensional objects that are illuminated
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Likelihood principle
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Part of Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
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Mirror neuron
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Neuron in the premotor cortex, originally discovered in the monkey, that responds both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself caries out the action. There is also evidence for them in humans
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Natural selection, theory of
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The idea, originated with Darwin, that genetically based characteristics that enhance an animal's ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations
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Neuropsychology
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The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans
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Object discrimination principle
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A problem in which the task is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay. Associated with research on the what processing stream
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Oblique effect
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The finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily that other (slanted) orientations
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Perception
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Conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses
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Perception pathway
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Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the what pathway
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Perceptual organization
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The process of organizing elements of the environment into separate objects
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Perceptual organization, laws of
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Rules proposed by the Gestalt psychologists to explain how small elements of a scene or a display become perceptually grouped to form larger units. There "laws" are described as "heuristics" in this book
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Physical regularities
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Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations
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Pragnanz, law of
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Law of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Also called the law of good figure and the law of simplicity
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Recognition-by-components (RBC) theory
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A feature-based approach to object perception that proposes that the recognition of objects is based on three-dimensional features called geons
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Regularities in the environment
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Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently. For example, blue is associated with open sky, landscapes are often green and smooth, and verticals and horizontals are often associated with buildings
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Semantic regularities
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Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of senses. For example, food preparation, cooking, and perhaps eating occur in a kitchen
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Similarity, law of
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Law of perceptual organization that states that similar things appear to be grouped together
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Simplicity, law of
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Pragnanz, law of
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Single dissociation
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A situation that occurs in cases of brain damage, in which the damage causes a problem in one function while not affecting other functions. This occurs when one function is present and another is absent
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Size constancy
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The tendency to perceive an object as remaining the same size even if it is viewed from different distances. This leads to the conclusion that perception of an object's size does not depend solely on the size of its image in the receptors
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Speech segmentation
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The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal
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Top-down processing
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Processing that involves a person's knowledge or expectations. This type of processing has also been called knowledge-based processing
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Unconscious inference, theory of
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Helmholtz's idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make abou the environment
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What pathway
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Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the perception pathway
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Where pathway
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Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space. Roughly corresponds to the action pathway
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