• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/42

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Action pathway
Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people take action. Corresponds to the where pathway
Algorithm
A procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem
Audiovisual mirror neuron
Neuron in the monkey premotor cortex that responds when a monkey performs an action and also when it hears the sound associated with this action (for example, the action associated with breaking a peanut, and the associated sound)
Bottom-up processing
Processing that starts with information received by the receptors. This type of processing can also be called data-based processing
Brain ablation
A procedure in which a specific area is removed form an animal's brain. It is usually done to determine the function of this area by assessing the effect on the animal's behavior
Componential recovery, principle of
The principle associated with recognition-by-components theory that states that if we can recover (see) an object's geons, we can identify the object
Dissociation
A situation in cases of brain damage, in which the damage causes a problem in one function while not affecting other functions
Double dissociation
A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person, and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present; function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged; function B is present)
Experience-dependent plasticity
A mechanism that causes an organism's neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed
Familiarity, law of
Law of perceptual organization that states that things are more likely to from groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful
Feedback signal
Neural signal that travels back from higher centers to influence incoming signals
Geon
The basic feature unit of the recognition-by-components approach to object perception. These are basic three-dimensional volumes
Gestalt psychologists
A group of psychologists who proposed principles governing perception, such as laws of recognition, and a perceptual approach to problem solving involving restructuring
Good continuation, law of
Law of perceptual organization stating that points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together. In addition, lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
Good figure, law of
Pragnanz law
Heuristic
A "rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem
Landmark discrimination problem
Problem in which the task is to remember an object's location and to choose that location after a delay. Associated with research on the where processing stream
Light-from-above heuristic
The assumption that light is coming form above. This heuristic can influence how we perceive three-dimensional objects that are illuminated
Likelihood principle
Part of Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
Mirror neuron
Neuron in the premotor cortex, originally discovered in the monkey, that responds both when a monkey observes someone else (usually the experimenter) carrying out an action and when the monkey itself caries out the action. There is also evidence for them in humans
Natural selection, theory of
The idea, originated with Darwin, that genetically based characteristics that enhance an animal's ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations
Neuropsychology
The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans
Object discrimination principle
A problem in which the task is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay. Associated with research on the what processing stream
Oblique effect
The finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily that other (slanted) orientations
Perception
Conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses
Perception pathway
Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the what pathway
Perceptual organization
The process of organizing elements of the environment into separate objects
Perceptual organization, laws of
Rules proposed by the Gestalt psychologists to explain how small elements of a scene or a display become perceptually grouped to form larger units. There "laws" are described as "heuristics" in this book
Physical regularities
Regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations
Pragnanz, law of
Law of perceptual organization that states that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. Also called the law of good figure and the law of simplicity
Recognition-by-components (RBC) theory
A feature-based approach to object perception that proposes that the recognition of objects is based on three-dimensional features called geons
Regularities in the environment
Characteristics of the environment that occur frequently. For example, blue is associated with open sky, landscapes are often green and smooth, and verticals and horizontals are often associated with buildings
Semantic regularities
Characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of senses. For example, food preparation, cooking, and perhaps eating occur in a kitchen
Similarity, law of
Law of perceptual organization that states that similar things appear to be grouped together
Simplicity, law of
Pragnanz, law of
Single dissociation
A situation that occurs in cases of brain damage, in which the damage causes a problem in one function while not affecting other functions. This occurs when one function is present and another is absent
Size constancy
The tendency to perceive an object as remaining the same size even if it is viewed from different distances. This leads to the conclusion that perception of an object's size does not depend solely on the size of its image in the receptors
Speech segmentation
The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal
Top-down processing
Processing that involves a person's knowledge or expectations. This type of processing has also been called knowledge-based processing
Unconscious inference, theory of
Helmholtz's idea that some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make abou the environment
What pathway
Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the perception pathway
Where pathway
Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space. Roughly corresponds to the action pathway