Chapter 3

Front 1

molecules with carbon skeleton and covalent carbon hydrogen bonds

Back 1

organic molecules

Front 2

building units that can be joined together to make larger molecules

Back 2

monomers

Front 3

2 monomers

Back 3

dimer

Front 4

many monomers

Back 4

polymers

Front 5

nonpolar substances, do not dissolve in water, inculde waxes, fats, oils, steroids

Back 5

lipids

Front 6

sugars, startches, cellulose, and related compouds

Back 6

carbohydrates

Front 7

genetic material (containing instructions for making proteins) and molecules that help assemble proteins

Back 7

nucleic acids

Front 8

molecules that make up silk, hair, tendons, and cartilage; carry out cell movements and muscle contraction; act as hormones; transport substances in the blood

Back 8

proteins

Front 9

clusters of atoms that give a molecule specific chemical properties

Back 9

functional groups

Front 10

5 carbons attached only to hydrogen atoms; nonpolar; not easily dissolved

Back 10

hydrocarbon chain

Front 11

found in various organic molecules; nonpolar; lowers water solubility

Back 11

methyl

Front 12

found in fatty acids, amino acids; organic acids; polar; acidic, releasing hydrogen in solution

Back 12

carboxyl

Front 13

found in alcohols, sugars; polar, forms hydrogen bonds

Back 13

hydroxyl

Front 14

found in linkage of alcohol to organic acid; polar

Back 14

ester linkage

Front 15

carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom

Back 15

carbonyl

Front 16

carbonyl attached to a hydrogen, occurs on an end carbon

Back 16

aldehyde

Front 17

2 molecules join as one loses an -H and the other an -OH, which themselves join together and form a water molecule

Back 17

condensation (dehydration synthesis)

Front 18

monomer that has lost an atom or two by combining with another molecule

Back 18

residue

Front 19

breaking apart of a molecule into its monomer subunits by addition of the components of a water molecule into each of the covalent bonds linking them

Back 19

hydrolysis

Front 20

consists of a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end

Back 20

fatty acid

Front 21

all carbon atoms of the hydrocarbon chain are "filled" with as many hydrogens as they can hold

Back 21

saturated fatty acid

Front 22

fatty acid with one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain; could hold more hydrogens if one of two bonds were broken and two hydrogen atmos attached to carbons

Back 22

unsaturated fatty acid

Front 23

bonds in a carboxyl group are polar; end of fatty acid

Back 23

hydrophilic

Front 24

carbon hydrogen bonds in hydrocarbon chain are nonpolar

Back 24

hydrophobic

Front 25

lipid formed by joining two monomers: one very long fatty acid, one very long fatty alcohol, composed of hydrocargon chain, C-OH at one end

Back 25

wax

Front 26

molecule made by joining 3 fatty acids to the 3 alcohol groups of glyceral; forms ster linkages

Back 26

triglycerides

Front 27

triglycerides solid at room temperature

Back 27

fats

Front 28

liquid triglycerides

Back 28

oils

Front 29

like triglycerides, except one (or 2) of fatty acids replaced by a phosphate group, usually then linked to a nitrogen containing group

Back 29

phospholipids

Front 30

insoluble in water, lipid containing 4 contiguous carbon rings (ex: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone)

Back 30

steroids

Front 31

chemical messengers between different parts of body

Back 31

hormones

Front 32

simple sugars with formula given by CH2O (glucose, robose)

Back 32

monosaccharides

Front 33

molecule made up of 2 simple sugar residues

Back 33

disaccharides

Front 34

a macromolecule made up of many subunits that are simple sugars

Back 34

polysaccharides

Front 35

a storage polysaccharide made from glucose monomers, commonly found in animals

Back 35

glycogen

Front 36

polysaccharide forming the fibers that make up a large part of the cell wall in plants

Back 36

cellulose

Front 37

structural polysaccharide composed of amino sugar monomers

Back 37

chitin

Front 38

genetic material of organisms of many viruses

Back 38

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

Front 39

participates in making proteins; some viruses genetic material

Back 39

RNA ribonucleic acid

Front 40

a derivative of the double ring base

Back 40

purine

Front 41

subunits of nucleic acids; consists of a single or double ring nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and one to three phosphate groups

Back 41

nucleotides

Front 42

single-ring base

Back 42

pyrimidine

Front 43

sugar in RNA nucleotides

Back 43

ribose

Front 44

ribose strippod of one oxygen atom, in DNA nucleotides

Back 44

deoxyribose

Front 45

supply the energy for many chemical reactions

Back 45

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 46

monomers of proteins

Back 46

amino acides

Front 47

covalent bond that joins two amino acids

Back 47

peptide bond

Front 48

linking of 2 amino acids

Back 48

dipeptides

Front 49

long unbranched stings of amino acids; most contain 150-170 amino acid residues

Back 49

polypeptides

Front 50

a protein's unique sequence of amino acids, dictated by inherited genetic information

Back 50

primary structure

Front 51

regions that form regular twists or pleats; result from regular patterns of hydrogen bonds between amino acid residues in these regions

Back 51

secondary structure

Front 52

proteins characteristic overall shape; influenced by ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions between R groups in different parts of chain

Back 52

tertiary structure

Front 53

structure in which the chains fit together to form a complete, functional protein

Back 53

quaternary structure

Front 54

polypeptides who generally lose their shape permanetly

Back 54

denatured

Front 55

proteins that act as catylsts

Back 55

enzymes

Front 56

substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, takes part in reaction without being permanently changed

Back 56

catalyst

Front 57

reactant in an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction

Back 57

substrates

Front 58

small groove where protein folds up, where substrate binds

Back 58

active site

Front 59

attached to protein by covalent bond effectively part of enzyme

Back 59

prosthetice group

Front 60

substances held to protein by other kinds of bonds

Back 60

cofactors

Front 61

nonprotein organic molecules, cofactor

Back 61

coenzyme

Front 62

compounds so similar in structure to an enzyme's substrate that they compete with substrate molecules for the enzymes active site

Back 62

competitive inhibitors

Front 63

bind to enzymes at sites other than the active site

Back 63

noncompetitive inhibitors

Front 64

organization of organism's biochemical reaction; each having several enzymes mediated steps such that the products released by one enzyme are the substrates of the next enzyme

Back 64

metabolic pathways