Chapter 29

Front 1

The greening of earth: Land plants

Back 1

1. made landfall 500 mya
2. 290,000 different species
3. source of food and oxygen for animals

Front 2

evolution of green algae->green plants: Morphological similarities

Back 2

1. multicellular eukaryotes
2. photosynthetic autotrophs
3. chloroplasts with chlorophyll a & b
4. cell walls made of cellulose
ex: fern frond

Front 3

evolution from green agae->green plants: biochemical similarities

Back 3

1. rosette-shaped cellulose synthesizing computers: uniquely shaped cell wall builders
2. peroxisome enzymes: enzymes that prevent loss of organic products as a result of photo-respiration
3. flagellated sperm: swimming sperm fertilization
4. formation of the phragmoplast: involved in forming the cell plate during mitosis
ex: equisetum

Front 4

evolution of green algae->green plants: terrestrial adaptations

Back 4

1. overcame dehydration
2. overcame unfiltered sunlight
3. benefited from abundance of CO2 -Volcanic activity
4. benefited from mineral rich soil
5. benefited from scarcity of herbivores and pathogens

Front 5

evolution of green algae->green plants: derived traits of plants

Back 5

1. alternation of organisms
a) back and forth between diploid and haploid
2. walled spores produced in sporangia (home for spores) to protect against harsh conditions
3. multicellular gametangia -archegonia (female) & antheridia (male)
4. apical meristems are localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
*apical-where it is; *meristems-what it is

ex: moss

Front 6

evolution of green algae->green plants: other derived traits of plants: Cuticle

Back 6

waxy outer covering of plants that prevents desiccation by waterproofing the plant
ex: Rhododendron leaves

Front 7

evolution of green algae-> green plants: derived traits of plants: secondary compounds: phenolics

Back 7

protect against pathogenic microbes; *chemical inside the plant
ex: pea mildew

Front 8

evolution of green algae-> green plants: derived traits of plants: secondary compounds: alkaloids, terpenes, tannins

Back 8

bitter taste, strong odor, toxic effect to deter herbivores and parasites; *ex: aphids->insects

Front 9

evolution of green algae-> green plants: derived traits of plants: secondary compounds: flavonoids

Back 9

absorb potentially harmful UV radiation

Front 10

evolution of green algae-> green plants: origins and diversification of plants

Back 10

1. fossil evidence dates back to 475 mya (spores)
2. tenphyla of extant plants for classification
3. classification can be based on presence of vascular tissue (*xylem-inside the plant and *phloem- smallest and outside the plant)

Front 11

evolution of green algae-> green plants: origins and diversification of plants: non vascular plants

Back 11

7% of all plant spp *bryophytes, liverworts, mosses

Front 12

evolution of green algae-> green plants: origins and diversification of plants: vascular plants

Back 12

93% of all plant spp *ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Front 13

evolution of green algae-> green plants: origins and diversification of plants: classification based on seeds

Back 13

a) lycophytes: (club mosses) - seedless
b) pterophytes: (ferns) - seedless
c) gymnosperms: (pines) - naked seeds
d) angiosperms: (flowering plants) - seeds *exclusively rely on wind

Front 14

Alternation of generations

Back 14

when life cycles alternate between two multi-cellular bodies with each generation producing the other

Front 15

life cycles of non-vascular plants: gametophyte

Back 15

stage in which haploid (n) gametes are produced by mitosis

Front 16

life cycles of non-vascular plants: sporophyte

Back 16

stage in which haploid (n) spores are produced by meiosis

Front 17

haploid

Back 17

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Front 18

diploid

Back 18

having a double set of haploid number of chromosomes

Front 19

life cycles of non-vascular plants: bryophyte life cycle

Back 19

1. seedless, non vascular plants
2. sperm require water for fertilization
3. habitat is limited to damp areas
4. gametophyte generation is dominant
5. examples: liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Front 20

life cycles of non-vascular plants: archegonia

Back 20

reproductive structures that produce eggs (female)

Front 21

life cycles of non-vascular plants: antheridia

Back 21

reproductive structures that produce sperm (male)

Front 22

life cycles of non-vascular plants: sporangia

Back 22

reproductive structures that produce spores

Front 23

life cycles of non-vascular plants: importance of mosses

Back 23

1. significant part of any ecosystem by providing shelter and protection to small animals
2. source of peat moss:
a) CO2
b) soil conditioner
c) fuel

Front 24

Ferns/Seedless vascular plants: Fern life cycle

Back 24

1. seedless vascular plants
2. sperm require water for fertilization
3. habitat is limited to damp area (just need water to repoduce)
4. sporophyte generation is dominant

Front 25

Ferns/Seedless vascular plants: Importance of ferns: development of vascular tissue

Back 25

a) Xylem: transports water from roots to leaves
b) Phloem: transports nutrients from leaves to roots

Front 26

Ferns/Seedless vascular plants: importance of ferns

Back 26

1. development of vascular tissue
2. development of sporophylls (leaevs the bear sporangia)
3. increase in rate of photosynthesis
a) increased removal of CO2
b) increased release of O2
4. production of fossil fuels (coal, shale, etc)