Chapter 28 & 29: Nervous System/senses

Front 1

What does the nervous system do?

Back 1

*Enables rapid coordination of body functions*

Front 2

What do sensory receptors do?

Back 2

*detect stimulus*

Front 3

What do motor effectors do?

Back 3

*respond to stimulus*

Front 4

The nervous system includes..?

Back 4

*neurons and supporting cells*

Front 5

What are neurons?

Back 5

*nerve cells that transmit information via electrical and chemical signals*

Front 6

What is the cell body?

Back 6

*enlarged part containing the nucleus*

Front 7

What are the 3 interconnected functions of the nervous system?

Back 7

*Sensory Input, Intergration, Motor Output*

Front 8

What is sensory input?

Back 8

*the conduction of signals from sensory receptors, such as light-detecting cells of the eye, through the PNS to the CNS*

Front 9

What is integration?

Back 9

*the analysis and interpretation of the sensory signals and formulation of appropriate responses (in the brain and spinal cord)*

Front 10

What is motor output?

Back 10

*the conduction of signals from the integration centers through the PNS to effector cells, such as muscle cells or gland cells, which perform the body's responses*

Front 11

Which 3 functional types of neurons correspond to the nervous systems 3 main functions (sensory input, integration, motor output)?

Back 11

*Sensory Neurons, Interneurons, Motor Neurons*

Front 12

What do sensory neurons do?

Back 12

*convey signals from sensory receptors into the CNS*

Front 13

What do interneurons do?

Back 13

*integrate data and then relay appropriate signals to other interneurons or to motor neurons*

Front 14

What do motor neurons do?

Back 14

*convey signals from the CNS to effector cells*

Front 15

What are reflexes?

Back 15

*automatic responses to stimuli*

Front 16

What are the two extensions that arise from the neuron cell body?

Back 16

*dendrites and (single) axon*

Front 17

What are dendrites?

Back 17

*highly branched, often short extensions that receive signals from other neurons and convey this information toward the cell body*

Front 18

What is the axon?

Back 18

*large extension that transmit signals to other cells (neurons or effector cells)*

Front 19

What are neuroglia?

Back 19

*supporting cells that support neurons both structurally and functionally*

Front 20

Schwann Cell

Back 20

*type of glia found in the PNS, produces myelin sheaths surrounding axons- look like beads*

Front 21

Myelin Sheath

Back 21

*thick, insulating material that surround axons and speeds the transmission of impulses along a neuron- essentially a chain of Schwann cells*

Front 22

nodes of Ranvier

Back 22

*the gaps between Schwann cells- only points along that axon that require nerve signals to be regenerated*

Front 23

What is a synapses?

Back 23

*junctions where signals are transmitted between two neurons, or between neurons and effector cells*

Front 24

What are the two types of synapses?

Back 24

*electrical & chemical*

Front 25

What is an electrical synapses?

Back 25

*involve direct cytoplasmic connections between the two cells formed by gap junctions*

Front 26

Resting Potential

Back 26

*the voltage across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron*

Outside cell- [K+] is low & [Na+] is high

Inside cell- [K+] is high & [Na+] is low

Front 27

What does a true circulatory system consist of?

Back 27

*blood, heart (muscular pump), and blood vessels*

Front 28

What are the two types of true circulatory systems?

Back 28

*open & closed*

Front 29

An internal transport system assists diffusion
by moving materials between..?

Back 29

*surfaces of the body and internal tissues*

Front 30

What is a vertebrate circulatory system called?

Back 30

*cardiovascular system*

Front 31

What are the 3 vessels that make up the cardiovascular system?

Back 31

*arteries, veins, capilliaries*

Front 32

What is the function of an artery?

Back 32

*to carry blood away from the heart*

Front 33

What is the function of a vein?

Back 33

*to return blood to the heart*

Front 34

What is the function of a capillary?

Back 34

*move blood between the arteries and veins; increase surface area for gas a fluid exchange*

Front 35

What animal has a two chambered heart?

Back 35

*fish- moves in a single circulation*

Front 36

What two circuits does a double circulation consist of?

Back 36

*pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit*

Front 37

Which type of vertebrates have a double circulation?

Back 37

*land vertebrates*

Front 38

What is the direction that blood flows into and out of the heart?

Back 38

*blood flows into the right atrium (from the lung) via the pulmonary vein, down into the right ventricle and into the left lung via the pulmonary artery.

Blood flows into the left atrium via the pulmonary vein, down into the left ventricle, then out into the body via the aorta*

Front 39

Superiora Vena Cava

Back 39

*brings blood out of the head and down*

Front 40

Inferior Vena Cava

Back 40

*eturns blood back up towards the head from the feet/legs*

Front 41

What is plasma?

Back 41

*the liquid part of blood (90%water) which contains different substances such as proteins and ions*

Front 42

Which cells are in plasma?

Back 42

*red and white blood cells*

Front 43

What are erythrocytes?

Back 43

*red blood cells*

Front 44

What are leukocytes?

Back 44

*white blood cells*

Front 45

What do erythrocytes do?

Back 45

*transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin*

Front 46

What do leukocytes do?

Back 46

*fight infections*

Front 47

What are phagocytes?

Back 47

*white blood cells (monocytes and neutrophils) that digest bacteria*

Front 48

What is anemia?

Back 48

*the lack of red blood cells (oxygen)*

Front 49

What is erythropoiten?

Back 49

*a hormone that regulates the production of red blood cells*

Front 50

What is fibrinogen?

Back 50

*also know as fibrin, is a material in blood that aids in the process of clotting blood (platelets)*

Front 51

What are the two types of stem cells?

Back 51

*lymphoid and myeloid*

Front 52

What are lymphoid cells?

Back 52

*cells found in the immune system*

Front 53

What are myeloid cells?

Back 53

*cells that can develop into red or white blood cells*

Front 54

What are the purpose of stem cells?

Back 54

*stem cells are primitive cells that can be given to sick people, such as people with leukemia, with the hopes that they will help fight the disease by providing more white blood cells*

Front 55

What is the direction of blood flow in the blood vessels?

Back 55

artery->atriole->capillary->venule->vein

(AAcVV)

Front 56

What are blood vessels made of?

Back 56

*connective tissue, smooth muscle, epithelium*

(CME)

Front 57

What is blood pressure?

Back 57

*the force blood exerts on vessel walls*

Front 58

Where is blood pressure the highest?

Back 58

*closest to the heart*

Front 59

How does blood travel against gravity,
up legs?

Back 59

*muscles contract around veins; a valve in the vein opens to allow blood to flow through, then closes so it cannot flow back*

Front 60

What are precapillary sphincters?

Back 60

*valves that control blood flow through the capillaries (open and close)*

Front 61

Diastole

Back 61

*blood flows into the heart (low pressure/on bottom)*

Front 62

Systole

Back 62

*blood flows out of the heart (high pressure/on top)*

Front 63

SA node

Back 63

*tells the hearts atrium to contract via electrical signals*

Front 64

AV node

Back 64

*tells the hearts ventricles to contracts*

Front 65

What is cardiac output?

Back 65

*amount of blood pumped per minute from the ventricles*

Front 66

What is a heart valve?

Back 66

*prevents the back flow of blood*

Front 67

What is a heart murmur?

Back 67

*defect of one of the heart valves*

Front 68

What are the three diets of animals?

Back 68

*herbivore, carnivore, omnivore*

Front 69

What is a filter feeder?

Back 69

*an animal that ingests their food by sifting small organisms or food particles from water*

Front 70

What is a substrate feeder?

Back 70

*an animal that lives on or in their food source and eats their way through it*

Front 71

What is a fluid feeder?

Back 71

*an animal that sucks nutrient rich fluid from a host*

Front 72

What is a bulk feeder?

Back 72

*an animal that ingests large pieces of food*

Front 73

What are the four stages of food processing?

Back 73

*ingestion, digestions, absorption, elimination*

Front 74

Herbivorous animals can obtain more nutrients from plants than can carnivorous animals because _____.

Back 74

*they have cellulose-digesting microbes in their cecums*

Front 75

Most mechanical processing of food occurs in the _____.

Back 75

*oral cavity and stomach*

Front 76

Which is the major segments of the alimentary canal in the correct order?

Back 76

*oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine*

Front 77

In the oral cavity, salivary amylase helps break down ____?

Back 77

*starches*

Front 78

In the stomach, pepsin helps break down _____?

Back 78

*proteins*

Front 79

In the stomach, pepsin helps break down _____?

Back 79

*fats & oils*

Front 80

Absorption of food monomers occurs primarily in the _____?

Back 80

*small intestine*

Front 81

Chyme enters the small intestine from the stomach. At this point, _____?

Back 81

*mechanical digestion is essentially complete, but the other processes are ongoing or have not yet begun*

Front 82

_____ are needed in the diet as components of teeth and bone, for normal muscle and nerve function, for water balance, and as parts of certain enzymes.

Back 82

*minerals*

Front 83

A mutation in the gene for salivary (and pancreatic) amylase will greatly affect the chemical digestion of _____.

Back 83

*carbs*

Front 84

What is amylase?

Back 84

*Amylase is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen*

Front 85

The largest variety of digestive enzymes function in the _____?

Back 85

*small intestine*

Front 86

In vertebrates, food is moved along the length of the digestive system by _____?

Back 86

*peristalsis*

Front 87

What is peristalsis?

Back 87

* contraction by smooth muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal, pushes food through esophagus and into stomach*

Front 88

The esophagus constricts by contraction of _____?

Back 88

*circular smooth muscle*

Front 89

A person with a malformed epiglottis will have trouble _____?

Back 89

keeping fluid and food from entering the lungs

Front 90

The opening between the esophagus and the stomach is closed except when a bolus passes through it. If this space were to remain open, there might be a problem with _____?

Back 90

*regurgitation of food into the esophagus *

Front 91

Which vitamin has the greatest potential to cause a toxic overdose?

Back 91

*vitamin A*

Front 92

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.

Back 92

*amino acids*

Front 93

When digested, fats are broken down into _____?

Back 93

*both glycerol and fatty acids *

Front 94

Starch is a type of _____. (poly, di, or monosaccharide)?

Back 94

*polysaccharide*

Front 95

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested?

Back 95

*fructose*

Front 96

Which enzyme begins the breakdown of starch?

Back 96

*amylase*

Front 97

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____?

Back 97

*maltose*

Front 98

Protein digestion begins in the _____ and ends in the____?

Back 98

*stomach, small intestine*

Front 99

What is secreted by the liver to emulsifies fats?

Back 99

*bile*

Front 100

What is an alimentary canal?

Back 100

*digestive tract; contains a mouth, anus, and specialized regions associated with one-way flow of food (most animals have them)*

Front 101

What is the order of the human digestive system?

Back 101

nasal cavity, mouth, tongue, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Front 102

Mechanical and chemical digestion begin where?

Back 102

*mouth*

Front 103

What is a bolus?

Back 103

*shape of food that the tongue forms (ball)*

Front 104

What is mastication?

Back 104

*chewing*

Front 105

What do salivary glands release and why?

Back 105

*a slippery substance (glycoprotein) that lubricates food so its easier to swallow*

Front 106

Which way does the larynx move during swallowing?

Back 106

*up*

Front 107

Which way does the epiglottis move during swallowing?

Back 107

*down*

Front 108

Why do the larynx and epiglottis move during swallowing?

Back 108

*to prevent food from entering the trachea*

Front 109

What is signal transduction?

Back 109

*conversion of a stimulus to an electrical signal*

Front 110

Photoreceptors are a type of ______________?

Back 110

*electromagnetic receptor*

Front 111

Which receptors are triggered when stimuli become too extreme for thermoreceptors?

Back 111

*pain receptors*

Front 112

Where are photoreceptors found?

Back 112

*eyes*

Front 113

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression all seem to be the result of _____.

Back 113

*genetics and environment*

Front 114

A neuron has a resting potential of about _____ millivolts.

Back 114

*-70 millivolts*

Front 115

An action potential moves along a(n) _____.

Back 115

*axon*

Front 116

The transmission of a nerve impulse first triggers the _____.

Back 116

*opening of voltage-gated sodium channels and the diffusion of sodium ions into the neuron*

Front 117

At rest, what plays a role in establishing the charge differential across a neuron's plasma membrane?

Back 117

*the sodium-potassium pump moving sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium ions into the neuron*

Front 118

Chemical synapses

Back 118

*sending neuron cell secretes a chemical signal, a neurotransmitter, that crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a specific receptor on the surface of the receiving cell (enable complex info to be processed)*

Front 119

What is Acetylcholine?

Back 119

a neurotransmitter in the brain & at synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells

Front 120

What are Biogenic amines?

Back 120

*neurotransmitters in the CNS (seratonin,dopamine)*

Front 121

Nerve function depends on..?

Back 121

*charge differences across neuron membranes*

Front 122

Membrane Potential

Back 122

*the potential energy of a neurons plasma membrane(inside cell= +/outside cell = -)*

Front 123

Stimulus

Back 123

*any factor that causes a nerve signal to be generated*

Front 124

What does a stimulus alter?

Back 124

*the permeability of a portion of the membrane*

Front 125

Action Potential

Back 125

*A nerve signal, change in the membrane voltage from resting potential to a maximum level than back to resting potential*

Front 126

Nerve Net

Back 126

*web-like system of neurons found in radially symmetrical animals*

Front 127

Cephalization

Back 127

*the concentration of the nervous system at
the head end (bilateral animals)*

Front 128

Centralization

Back 128

* the presence of a central nervous system
distinct from a peripheral nervous system (bilateral animals)*

Front 129

What are the 3 basic divisons of a vertebrate brain?

Back 129

*hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain*

Front 130

Cerebrum

Back 130

* largest and most complex part of the brain; performs sophisticated integration of information; plays role in memory, learning, speech, emotions; formulates complex behavioral responses*

Front 131

Cerebral Cortex accounts for what percentage of total human brain mass?

Back 131

*80% of the total human brain mass*

Front 132

Which specialized integrative
regions are included in the cerebral cortex?

Back 132

*somatosensory cortex & centers for vision, hearing, taste, and smell*

Front 133

Function of brain stem?

Back 133

*conducts data to and from brain centers; maintain homeostasis; coordinates body movement*

Front 134

Function of medulla oblongata?

Back 134

*controls breathing, circulation, swallowing, digestion*

Front 135

Function of pons?

Back 135

*controls breathing*

Front 136

Function of midbrain?

Back 136

*received and integrates auditory data; coordinates visual reflexes; sends sensory data to higher brain centers*

Front 137

Function of cerebellum?

Back 137

*coordinates body movement; learning and remembering motor responses*

Front 138

Function of thalamus?

Back 138

*serves as input center for data going to the cerebrum; sorts and groups all incoming sensory data for cerebrum*

Front 139

Function of hypothalamus?

Back 139

*homeostasis control center; controls pituitary gland; serves as biological clock*

Front 140

Frontal association, speech and motor cortex are the functional areas of which part of the left hemisphere?

Back 140

*frontal lobe*

Front 141

Smell, hearing, and auditory association are the functional areas of which part of the left hemisphere?

Back 141

*temporal lobe*

Front 142

Vision is the functional areas of which part of the left hemisphere?

Back 142

*occipital lobe*

Front 143

Taste, speech, reading, & somatosensory cortex are the functional areas of which part of the left hemisphere?

Back 143

*parietal*

Front 144

What is the limbic system?

Back 144

*functional group of integrating centers in the cerebral cortex, thalomus, & hypothalamus*

Front 145

The limbic system is involved in which functions?

Back 145

*emotions (bonding), memory, & learning*

Front 146

Functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) is?

Back 146

*a scanning and imaging technology used to study brain functions of conscious patients*

Front 147

PET Scans (Positron Emission Tomography)

Back 147

*Uses radioactive tracer to show areas of higher levels of activity (bright spots)*

Front 148

All sensory receptors..?

Back 148

*trigger an action potential & send information to the CNS*

Front 149

What are the five categories of sensory receptors?

Back 149

*pain, thermo, mechano, chemo, & electromagnetic*

Front 150

What is the eye cup?

Back 150

*One of the simplest organs, used my planarians, which senses light intensity and direction*

Front 151

What are the two types of image forming eyes in invertebrates?

Back 151

*compound eye & single-lens eye*

Front 152

What are ommatidia?

Back 152

*light detectors found in compound eyes (in the thousands)*

Front 153

What is Visual acuity?

Back 153

*the ability of the eyes to atWdistinguish fine detail (20/20)*

Front 154

What are the 3 common vision problems?

Back 154

*nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism*

Front 155

Nearsightedness

Back 155

*the inability to focus on distant objects, usually caused by an eyeball that is too long*

Front 156

Farsightedness

Back 156

*the inability to focus on close objects, usually caused by an eyeball that is too short*

Front 157

Astigmatism

Back 157

*blurred vision caused by a misshapen
lens or cornea*

Front 158

What are the two types of photoreceptors that the human retina contains?

Back 158

*rods & cones*

Front 159

What are rods?

Back 159

*photoreceptor in the retina that contain the visual pigment rhodopsin, which can

absorb dim light & detect shades of grey in dim light*

Front 160

What are cones?

Back 160

*photoreceptor in the retina that contain the visual pigment photopsin which absorbs bright colored light & allows us to see color in bright light*

Front 161

Who is Jean Baptiste Lamarck and what did he suggest?

Back 161

*suggested that life on earth evolves by the use and disuse of body parts (1800s)*

Front 162

What is fossil record?

Back 162

*the sequence in which fossils appear within strata (layers) of sedimentary rocks*

Front 163

What is a fossil?

Back 163

*imprints or preserved remains of organisms that lived in the past (bone, footprints, shell, feather/leaf impression, teeth)*

Front 164

What is Comparative Anatomy?

Back 164

*comparison of body structures in different species (cited by Darwin)*

Front 165

What is homology?

Back 165

*similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry*

Front 166

What are homologous structures?

Back 166

*structures of the body that have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry*

Front 167

What is comparative embryology?

Back 167

*comparison of early stages of development among different organisms*

Front 168

What are vestigial structures?

Back 168

*structures in animals that have no apparent functions, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed*

Front 169

What is a population?

Back 169

*group of the same species living in the same place at the same time*

Front 170

What are the 3 conditions of natural selection?

Back 170

*1) variation must exist in the population

2) variation must lead to difference among individuals in reproductive success

3) variation must be genetically transmitted to the next generation*

Front 171

What are the 3 key points about evolution by natural selection?

Back 171

*1) individuals do not evolve, populations do

2) acquired traits cannot be passed onto offspring

3)evolution is not goal directed*

Front 172

What two components deem an individual as fit?

Back 172

*produce largest # of fertile/viable offspring & pass on the most genes*

Front 173

What are the 4 features that define Chordates?

Back 173

*dorsal/hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail*

Front 174

Hagfish and Lampreys lack..?

Back 174

*hinged jaws and paired fins*

Front 175

What are the 3 lineages of jawed fish?

Back 175

*chondrichthyans (sharks/rays), ray-finned fish, lobe-finned fish*

Front 176

What is a lateral line system?

Back 176

*series of sensory organs under the skin of bony fish that detects changes in pressure waves*

Front 177

What is an operculum?

Back 177

*protective flap that covers a chamber of gills*

Front 178

What is a swim bladder?

Back 178

*found in ray-finned fish, lung derivative that helps keep them buoyant.

Front 179

What are the 3 surviving lineages of lobe-finned fish?

Back 179

*coelacanths, lungfish, tetrapods*

Front 180

What are the 4 internal membranes of an amniotic egg?

Back 180

*amnion, yolk sac, allantois, chorion*

Front 181

Are reptiles endo or ectothermic?

Back 181

*ecto*

Front 182

Are birds endo or ectothermic?

Back 182

*endo*

Front 183

Are mammals endo or ectothermic?

Back 183

*endo*

Front 184

How many cervical vertebrae do mammals have?

Back 184

*7*

Front 185

What are the 3 types of mammals?

Back 185

*Monotremes (egg laying), Marsupials (pouch), & Eutherians (placental)*

Front 186

Which animals make up the phylum Echinodermata?

Back 186

*sea stars, sea daisies, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, etc*

Front 187

Are echinodermata protostome or deuterstome?

Back 187

*deuterstome*

Front 188

Are Echinodermata radial or bilateral?

Back 188

*radial*

Front 189

Which animals are in the phylum chordata?

Back 189

*tunicates, lancelets*

Front 190

What are the 3 groups of Annelids?

Back 190

*earthworms, polychaetes, leeches*

Front 191

Which animals are Arthropods (Arthropoda)?

Back 191

*crayfish, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, spiders, ticks, horseshoe crabs, and insects*

Front 192

Do Arthropods have an open or closed circ system?

Back 192

*open*

Front 193

*What are the 4 major lineages of Arthropods?

Back 193

*Chelicerates (horseshoe carbs & arachnids), Millipedes and centipedes, Crustaceans, & Insects*

Front 194

Which animals are in the phylum Mollusca?

Back 194

*snails, slugs, clams, octopuses*

Front 195

What is the 3 part body plan of a mollusk?

Back 195

*muscular foot, mantle, & visceral mass (true coelom & circ system)*

Front 196

Which animals are found in the class Gastropoda?

Back 196

*snails, slugs, limpets*

Front 197

Which animals are found in the class Bivalvia?

Back 197

*clams, oysters, scallops*

Front 198

*Which animals are found in the class Cephalopoda?

Back 198

*squids, octopuses, cuttlefish*

Front 199

Which class is the largest group of mollusks?

Back 199

*Gastropoda*

Front 200

Which animal is found in the phylum Platyhelminthes?

Back 200

*flatworms, tapeworms*

Front 201

Are flatworms Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, or Coelomates?

Back 201

*acoelomates with no body cavity (just have mouth)*

Front 202

Which animals can be found in the phylum Nematoda?

Back 202

*vinegar eels, eelworms, hookworms, pinworms, and other roundworms*

Front 203

*What type of body cavity do Nematoda have (acoelom, pseudo, coelom)?

Back 203

*pseudocoelom*

Front 204

Do Nematoda have a complete digestive track (mouth and anus)?

Back 204

*Yes*

Front 205

Which animal can be found in phylum Cnidaria?

Back 205

*jelly fish*

Front 206

*What are the two types of Cinidarian body forms?

Back 206

*polyp & medusa*

Front 207

Are Cnidarians radial or bilateral?

Back 207

*radial*

Front 208

Are Cnidarians diplo or triploblastic (tissue layers)?

Back 208

*diploblastic*

Front 209

What is the name of the stinging organelle found in Cnidarians?

Back 209

*nematocyst*

Front 210

All animals, except sponges, have this type of tissue?

Back 210

*Eumetazoa*

Front 211

Pseudocoelomates

Back 211

*Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm*

Front 212

Coelomates

Back 212

*Body cavity entirely within the mesoderm (true coelom)*

Front 213

Acoelomates

Back 213

*no body cavity*

Front 214

What are the two types of digestive systems?

Back 214

*sac plan (gastrovacular cavity) & tube within a tube*

Front 215

Sac Plan

Back 215

*digestive system where there is one opening, the mouth*

Front 216

Tube Within A Tube

Back 216

*two openings (mouth & anus); digestion occurs in a “true” gut (or “complete gut”)*

Front 217

What is the Cambrian Explosion?

Back 217

*period in which animal diversification accelerated*

Front 218

What are homeotic genes?

Back 218

*Responsible for “building” animal bodies*

Front 219

In gas exchange, respiratory surafces must be both..?

Back 219

*moist & thin*

Front 220

*In a fish, gas exchange is enhanced by?

Back 220

*ventilation & countercurrent*

Front 221

Water hold about how much oxygen?

Back 221

3%

Front 222

Which hold more oxygen, cold water or warm water?

Back 222

*Cold*

Front 223

Which holds more oxygen. fresh or salt water?

Back 223

*Fresh*

Front 224

Which holds more oxygen, turbulent or still water?

Back 224

*turbulent*

Front 225

What is tidal volume?

Back 225

*amount of air inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing*

Front 226

Which side of the heart pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs?

Back 226

*right*

Front 227

Which side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the body?

Back 227

*left*

Front 228

What are the 3 types of protists?

Back 228

*autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs*

Front 229

What are the 2 types of heterotrophs?

Back 229

*protozoans & parasites*

Front 230

What are the 3 types of protist locomotion?

Back 230

*flagella, cilia, pseudopodia (false feet)*

Front 231

What is the endosymbiont theory?

Back 231

*explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts*

Front 232

What are the 4 Eukarya Supergroups?

Back 232

*Plantae, Unikonts, SAR, Excavata*

Front 233

What are the two domains of Prokarya?

Back 233

*bacteria & archaea*

Front 234

What are the 3 common cell shapes of prokaryotic cells?

Back 234

*cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod shaped), & spiral (corkscrew)*

Front 235

Nearly all prokaryots have a?

Back 235

*cell wall*

Front 236

Gram positive will stain what color?

Back 236

*purple*

Front 237

Gram negative will stain which color?

Back 237

*pink*

Front 238

What is Bioremediation?

Back 238

*the use of organisms to remove

pollutants/toxic chemicals from soil, air, or water*