Chapter 27 Vocab Words

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Washington Conference

Back 1

First solution for US decision of whether or not to forcefully oppose Japan’s expansion or abandon China. Included delegates from the US, Japan, Great Britain, and 6 other nations. Objective: political settlement of Asian situation and the dangerous naval race between Japan and the US. Charles Evans Hughes called for the scrapping of 66 battleships-30 American, 19 British, and seventeen
Japanese. Also signed a Five Power Treaty; limitation of capital ships. Conference also produced the Nine Power Treaty (pledged all the countries involved to uphold the Open Door policy) and the Four Power Treaty (replaced the old Anglo-Japanese alliance with new Pacific security pact signed by the US, Great Britain, Japan and France). OVERALL: formed a parchment peace, a pious set of pledges that attempted to freeze the status quo in the Pacific.

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Adolf Hitler

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Head of a National Socialist, or Nazi, movement. Capitalized on both domestic discontent and bitterness over WWI. Took Germany out of league of nations, reoccupied the Rhineland, and formally denounced the Treaty of Versailles

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Nye Committee

Back 3

culminated in neutrality legislation. Nye introduced measures to ban arms sales and loans to belligerents and to prevent Americans from traveling on belligerent ships.

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America First Committee

Back 4

Protested drift towards war

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War Production Board

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Headed by Donald Nelson. Allowed business to claim rapid depreciation, and thus huge tax credits, for new plants and awarded lucrative cost-plus contracts for urgently needed goods.

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Fair Employment Practices Committee

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Banned racial discrimination in war industries. African American employment by the federal government rose from 60,000 in 1941 to 20,000 by the end of the war. The FEPC was less successful in the private sector. Was only able to act on 1/3 of the 8 thousand complaints if received African Americans moved from rural South to northern and western cities, finding jobs in the automobile, aircraft, and shipbuilding industries.

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“Zoot Suit” Riots

Back 7

White sailors attacked Mexican American youths dressed in their distinctive outfits. Heightened feelings of ethnic identity and led returning Mexican American veterans to form organizations such as the American GI Forum to press for equal rights in the future

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Manhattan Project

Back 8

Franklin Roosevelt was alarmed by reports that German scientists were working on an atomic bomb authorized a crash program to build the bomb first. This project sent 2 billion bucks that produced the weapons that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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Los Alamos

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Laboratory where the atomic bomb was experimented with and tested

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Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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August 6-hiroshima, killing more than 60 thousand August 9-Nagasaki

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Chiang Kai Sheik

Back 11

Roosevelt tried to appease him with a trickle of supplies

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Hideki Tojo

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Military militant, became new premier of Japan. Send another envoy to Washington with new peace proposals

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Joseph Stalin

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determined to retain control over Poland and Balkan countries

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Henry Stimson

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Black labor leader, threatened a massive march on Washington to force Roosevelt to end racial discrimination in defense industries and government employment and to integrate the armed forces

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Cordell Hull

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Secretary of War, recommended to drop the atomic bomb on a Japanese city

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Veterans of Future Wars

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Secretary of State, signed a conditional pledge of nonintervention at the Pan-American Conference in Uruguay

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Sudetenland

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Parody on veterans' groups, to demand a bonus of $1000 apiece before they marched off to a foreign war

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Cash and Carry/Lend-Lease Acts

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A province of Czechoslovakia with a large German population

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Mother’s Crusade

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asked congress to replace the arms embargo with these regulations. Belligerents would be able to purchase war supplies in the US, but they would have to pay cash and transport the goods in their own ships

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Reuben James

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went to the Capitol Plaza in Washington to conduct a pray-in protest the passage of the Lend-Lease Act

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Tripartite Pact

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Between Germany and Italy. A defensive treaty that confronted he US with a possible two-ocean war

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Pearl Harbor

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December 7, 1941. Japanese warplanes attacked US naval forces of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, sinking several ships and killing more than 2400 American sailors. This event marked America’s entrance into WWII.

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Winston Churchill

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Prime minister-close relationship with Roosevelt. Signed a Declaration of the United Nations that pledged them to fight together until the Axis powers were defeated.

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Charles Nimitz

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Swept through the Gilbert, Caroline, and Marshall Islands in 1944, securing bases for further advances and building airfields for American B-29s to begin a deadly bombardment of the Japanese home islands

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Nisei

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native born Americans whose only crime was their Japanese ancestry. Lived as prisoners

Front 26

Big Three Conference

Back 26

Met in February at the Yalta Conference

Front 27

D-Day

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Allied troops crossed the English Channel and opened a second front in western Europe during WWII. The D stands for disembarkation; to leave a ship and go ashore

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Axis Powers

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Alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan was known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis, and the three members were called the Axis Powers. They fought against the Allied Powers, led by the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union

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Good Neighbor Policy

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President Hoover’s administration initiated anew approach to Western hemispheric relations. It declared America’s intention to use cooperation and friendship in place of threats and armed intervention in its dealings with Latin America. It was extended and elaborated by the administration of Franklin Roosevelt

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Lend-Lease

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Arguing that aiding Britain would help Americas own self-defense, Pres. Roosevelt in 1941 asked Congress for this $7 billion plan. It would allow the president to sell, lend, lease, or transfer war materials to any country whose defense he declared as vital to that of the US

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Neutrality Acts

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reacting to their disillusionment with WWI and absorbed in the domestic crisis of the Great Depression, Americans backed Congress three neutrality acts in the 1930's. The 1935 and 1936 acts forbade selling munitions or lending money to belligerents in a war. The 1937 act required that all remaining trade be conducted on a cash-and-carry basis

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

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AKA Pact of Paris, this 1928 agreement was the brainchild of US Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French premier Aristide Briand. Pledged its signatories, eventually including nearly all nations, to shun war as an instrument of policy. Derided as an international kiss, it had little effect on the actual conduct of world affairs

Front 33

Yalta Conference

Back 33

A city in Russian Crimea, hosted this wartime conference of the Allies in February 1945 in which the Allies agreed to final plans for the defeat of Germany and the terms of its occupation. The Soviets agreed to allow free election in
Poland, but the election was never held

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Battle of the Bulge

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The Battle of the Bulge, fought over the winter months of 1944 – 1945, was the last major Nazi offensive against the Allies in World War Two. The battle was a last ditch attempt by Hitler to split the Allies in two in their drive towards Germany and destroy their ability to supply themselves.

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Manchuria

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Japan invaded this place in 1931-the industrial region of northeast China. WWI had extended their control over the mines, harbors, and railroads of Manchuria.

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USS Missouri

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United States Navy Iowa-class battleship, and was the fourth ship of the U.S. Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of Missouri. Missouri was the last battleship built by the United States, and was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan which ended World War II.

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Charles deGaulle

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Roosevelt ignored the free French government in exile under this dude, Roosevelt preferred to deal with the Vichy regime because it controlled the French fleet and retained France’s overseas territories

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Nazi – Soviet Pact

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was an agreement officially titled the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union and signed in Moscow .It was a non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union, called Operation Barbarossa.

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Battle of Stalingrad

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major turning point in World War II, and is considered the bloodiest battle in human history. The battle was marked by the brutality and disregard for civilian casualties on both sides. The battle is taken to include the German siege of the southern Russian city of Stalingrad, the battle inside the city, and the Soviet counter-offensive which eventually trapped and destroyed the German and other Axis forces in and around the city.

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North African Campaign

Back 40

took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940-16 May 1943. It included campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco and Algeria) and Tunisia. The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers. The Allied war effort was dominated by the British Commonwealth and exiles from German–occupied Europe. The United States entered the war in 1941 and began direct military assistance in North Africa, on 11 May 1942.

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Office of Price Administration (OPA)

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The functions of the OPA were originally to control prices and rents after the outbreak of World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt revived the Advisory Commission to World War I Council on National Defense on May 29, 1940 to include Price Stabilization and Consumer Protection Divisions.

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Executive Order 9066

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United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt on February 19, 1942 authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps.

Front 43

Atlantic Charter

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a statement agreed between Britain and the United States of America. It was intended as the blueprint for the postwar world after World War II, and turned out to be the foundation for many of the international agreements that currently shape the world. Drafted in Atlantic Conference