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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kellog-Briand Treaty
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~ 1928: this agreement was the brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French premier Aristide Briand
~ it pledged its signatories, eventually including nearly all nations, to shun war as an instrument of policy ~ derided as an international kiss, it had little effect on the actual conduct of world affairs |
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Washington Conference
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1921: included delegates from the U.S., Japan, Great Britain, and six other nations
~ the major objective was a political settlement of the tense Asian situation, but the most pressing issue was a dangerous naval race between Japan and the U.S. ~ a five power treaty was signed that upheld a limitation of capital ships, 5:5:3 for the U.S., Japan, and Great Britain. 1.67:1.67 for France and Italy ~ the conference also produced tow other major agreements: the Nine Power Treaty and the Four Power Treaty ~ the first simply pledged all the countries involved to upheold the Open Door policy, while the other compact replaced the old Anglo-Japanese alliance with a new Pacific security pact signed by the United States, Great Britain, Japan, and France |
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Adolf Hitler
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~ Hitler came to power in 1933 as the head of a National Socialist, or Nazi, movement
~ a shrewd and characteristic leader ~ he capitalized on both domestic discontent and bitterness over WWI ~ he asserted the supremacy of the "Aryan" race and quickly imposed a totalitarian dictatorship in which the Nazi party ruled and the Fuhrer was supreme ~ he took Germany out of the League of Nations, reoccupied the Rhineland, and formally denounced the Treaty of Versailles ~ In March 1938, he seized Austira in a bloodless coup ~ six months later, he was demanding the Sudetenland ~ then he took over almost all of Czech, and Poland |
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Nye Committee
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~ Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota headed the special Senate committee that spent two years investifating American munitions dealers
~ the committee revealed the enormous prfits firms such as Du Pont reaped from WWI ~ Nye went further, charging that bankers and munitions makers were responsible for American intervention in 1917 ~ The committee"s revelations culminated in neutrality legislation |
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America First Committee
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~ it was formed by a group of Roosevelt's opponents in the Midwest to protest the drift toward war
~ individuals such as Charles Lindbergh, Robert Taft, Norman Thomas, and Robert Hutchins, condemned FDR for involving the U.S. in a foreign conflict |
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War Production Board
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~ 1942: Roosevelt appointed Donald Neslon, a Sears, Roebuck executive, to head the WPB
~ the WPB allowed business to claim rapid depreciation, and thus huge tax credits, for new plants and awarded lucrative cost-plus contracts for urgently needed goods ~ the administration finally began gasoline rationing in 1943 to curb pleasure driving and prolong tire life |
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Fair Employment Practices Committee
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~ FDR created the FEPC to ban racial discrimination in war industries
~ as a result, African American employment by the federal government rose from 60,000 in 1941 to 200,000 by the end of the war ~ the FEPC proved less successful in the private sector ~ weak in funding and staff, the FEPC was able to act on only one-third of the eight thousand complaints it received |
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"Zoot Suit" Riots
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~ 1943: white sailors attacked Mexican American youths dressed in their distinctive outfits- long jackets worn with pants tightly pegged at the ankles
~ these riots are examples of racial prejudice against Mexican Americans |
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D-Day
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~ June 6, 1944
~ was th day Allied troops crossed the English Channel and opened a second front in western Europe during WWII ~ the "D" stands for disembarkation: to leave a ship and go ashore |
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Manhattan Project
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~ In early 1942, FDR, alarmed by reports that German scientists were working on an atomic bomb, authorized a crash program to build the bomb first
~ the project, named for the Corps of Engineers district originally in charge, spent 2 billion dollars and produced the weapons that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 |
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Los Alamos
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~ located in New Mexico
~ a remote laboratory in Los Alamos was working to perfect the atomic bomb ~ July 16, 1945, they successfully tested the first atomic bomb, creating a fireball brighter than several suns and a tellale mushroom cloud that rose some 40,000 feet above an enormous crater in the desert floor |
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Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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~ were the two cities in Japan that the atomic bomb were dropped on
~ they were dropped without warning ~ weather conditions on the morning of August 6 dictated the choice of Hiroshima as the bomb's target ~ the explosion incinerated 4 square miles of the city, instantly killing more than sixty thousand ~ August 9, the U.S., dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki ~ Japan surrendered unconditionally on August 14, 1945 |
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Chiang Kai Shek
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~ was a political and military leader of 20th century China.
~ the decision to defeat Germany first despleased the Chinese, who had been at war with Japan since 1937 ~ Roosevelt tried to appease Shek with a trickle of supplies, flown in at great risk by American airmen over the Himalayas from India |
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Hideki Tojo
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~ was a general of Japan
~ an army militant ~ became the new premier of Japan ~ to mask its war preparations, Tokyo sent yet another envoy to Washington with new peace proposals Code breaking enabled American diplomats to learn that the Japanese terms were uncacceptable even before they were formally presented ~ he was responsible for the attack on pearl harbor |
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Charles DeGaulle
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~ the general who ruled over the Free French government in exile
~ was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II ~ Free French forces were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation and, in the case of Vichy France, collaboration with the Germans. |
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Joseph Stalin
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~ the dictator over the Soviet Union
~ As his armies overran Poland and the Balkan countries, Stalin was determined to retain control over this region, which had been the historic pathway for Western invasion into Russia ~ Stalin affirmed that Russia would participate in a future world organization at the war's end, and that Russia would enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated |
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Phillip Randolph
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~ was a black labor leader
~ in 1941, he threatened a massive march on Washington to force President Roosvelt to end racial discrimination in defense industries and government employment and to integrate the armed forced ~ FDR compromised, persudaing Randolph to call off the march and drop his integration demand in return for an executive order creating a FEPC to ban racial discrimination in war industries |
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Henry Stimson
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~ the Secretary of War under Truman
~ he told the president to drop the atomic bomb on a Japanese city ~ his committe discussed but rejected the possibility of inviting the Japanese to observe a demonstartion shot at a remote Pacific site and even ruled out the idea of giving advance notice of the bomb's destructive power ~ neither Truman nor Stimson had any qualms about the decision to drop the bomb without warning |
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Cordell Hull
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~ 1933: Secretary of State Hull signed a conditional pledge of nonintervention at the Pan-American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay
~ Hull sent a stiff ten-point reply to Tokyo that included a demand for Japanese withdrawal from China ~ 1943: Hull had won Russian agreement to participate in a future world organization at the war's end |
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Veterans of Future Wars
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~ was formed by undergraduates at Princeton
~ a parody on vetarans' groups, to demand a bonus of $1000 apiece before they marched off to a foreign war ~ In April 1934, students and professors alike walked out of class to attend massive antiwar rallies, which became an annual rite of spring in the 1930s |
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Sudetland
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~ on Hitler's way to dominance in Europe, he went in and took control of Germany's lost land called Sudetenland
~ it was a province of Czechoslovakia with a large German population ~ Hitler said that he would stop if he would be able to keep Sudetenland but just a little while later he took over the rest of Czech |
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Nazi-Soviet Pact
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~ the pact was a nonaggression treaty between Hitler and Germany
~ the pact enabled Germany to avoid a two-front war ~ the Russians were rewarded with a generous slice of eastern Poland |
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Cash and Carry/ Lend-Lease Acts
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~ argueing that aiding Britain would help America's own self-defense, President Roosevelt in 1941 asked Congress for a 7 billion Lend-Lease plan
~ this would allow the president to sell, lend, lease, or transfer war materials to any country whose defense he declared as vital to that of the United States |
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Mother's Crusade
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~ members of the "mothers crusade" conducted a pray-in to protest the passage of the Lend-Lease Acts
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Reuben James
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~ was an american destroyer
~ was sank by a German U-boat on October 27, 1941, killing more than one hundred American sailors |
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Tripartite Pact
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~ Japan signed this treaty with Germany and Italy
~ a defensive treaty that confronted the U.S. with a possible two-ocean war ~ the new axis alignment confirmed American suspicions that Japan was part of a worldwide totalitarian threat |
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Axis Powers
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~ during WWII, the alliance between Italy, Germany, and Japan was known as the "Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis," and the three members were called the axis powers
~ they fought against the axis powers led by the U.S., Britain, and the Soviet Union |
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Pearl Harbor
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~ On December 7, 1941, Japanese warplanes attacked U.S naval forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
~ they sunk several ships and killed more than 2400 American sailors ~ the event marked America's entrance into WWII |
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Winston Churchill
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~ Britain's Prime Minister
~ he asked the U.S. for money warning them that England was running out of money ~ the close cooperation between Roosevelt and Chruchill ensured a common strategy ~ the leaders decided at the outset that a German victoy posed the greater danger and thus gave priotiy to the European in the conduct of war ~ Roosevelt and Churchill signed a Declaration of the United Nations Roosevelt and Churchill declared a policy of unconditional surrender, vowing that the Allies would fight until the Axis nations were completely defeated. |
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Battle of Stalingrad
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~ the Soviet Union's Red Army had broken the back of German military power
~turned back at the critical bend in the Volga, Hitler had poured in division after division in what was ultimately a losing cause ~ never again would Germany be able to take the offensive in Europe |
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North African Campaign
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~ the British launched an attack against Rommel at El Alamein in Egypt and soon forced the Afrika Korps to retreat across Libya to Tunisia
~ Eisenhower was slow in bringing up his forces, and in their first encounter with Rommel at the Kasserine Pass in the desert south of Tunis, inexperienced American troops suffered a humiliating defeat. ~ General George Patton quickly rallied the demoralized soldiers, and by May 1943, Germany had been driven from Africa, leaving behind nearly 300000 troops |
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Charles Nimitz
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~ was an admiral
~ he led one of the American operations ~ the operation started from Hawaii, and was directed at key Japanese islands in the Central Pacific ~ the orginial plan called for the two offensives to come together for the final inasion of the Japanese home islands |
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Office of Price Administration (OPA)
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~ tried to curb inflation by controlling prices and rationaling scarce goods such as sugar, canned food, and shoes
~ it clashed with the WPB ~ to solve this problem, FDR appointed Jamed Byrnes to head an Office of Economic Stabilization ~ |
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Executive Order 9066
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~ the relocation of 120000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast
~ this order moved all Japanese Americans on the West Coast to concentration camps in the interior |
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Nisei
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~ native-born Japanese-Americans
~ 2/3 of them were moved to concentration camps ~ they were forced to sell their farms and businesses at distress prices ~ lost not only their liberty but also many of their worldly goods ~ they were herded into ten hastily built detention centers in seven western and southern states, they lived as prisoners. ~ individual nisei could win release by pledging their loyalty and finding a job away from the West Coast ~ some thirty five thousand left the camps during the next two years ~ the all-Nisei 442nd Combat Team served gallantly in the European theater ~ for the other Nisei, the experience was bitter |
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Atlantic Charter
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~ was a statement agreed between Britain and the United States of America. It was intended as the blueprint for the postwar world after World War II, and turned out to be the foundation for many of the international agreements that currently shape the world. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the post-war independence of British and French possessions, and much more are derived from the Atlantic Charter.
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Big Three Conference
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~ the first wartime big three conference brought together Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin at Teheran, Iran, in late 1943
~ Stalin indicated to President Roosevelt that Russia would enter the war against Japan once Germany was defeated |
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Battle of the Bulge
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~ in mid-December, the remaining German armored divisions burst through a weak point in the Allied lines in the Ardennes Forest, planning a beakout to the coast that would have cut off nearly one-third of Eisenhower's forces
~ a combination of tactical suprise and bad weather, which prevented Allied air support, led to a huge bulge in the American lines ~ but an airborne division dug in at the key cossroads of Bastogne, in Belgium, and held off a much larger German force ~ allied reinforcements and clearing weather then combined to end the attack ~ by committing all his reserves to this battle, Hitler had delayed the advance into Germany, but had fatally weakened German resistance in the west |
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Manchuria
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~ the industrial region of northeast China
~ Japan had taken control over their mines, harbors, and railroads |
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USS Missouri
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~is a United States Navy Iowa-class battleship, and was the fourth ship of the U.S. Navy to be named in honor of the U.S. state of Missouri. Missouri was the last battleship built by the United States, and was the site of the surrender of the Empire of Japan which ended World War II.
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