Chapter 27 Domains Bacteria And Archaea (The Prokaryotes)

Front 1

prokaryotic domains

Back 1

domain bacteria and domain archaea

Front 2

eukaryotic domains

Back 2

domain eukarya

Front 3

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Back 3

prokayyotes have:
- no membrane bound organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, choloroplasts, etc.)
- smaller ribosomes.

Front 4

characteristics of domain archaea

Back 4

- extremophiles - lovers of extreme conditions (temperature, osmolarity, etc)
- similar to bacteria
- methane producers

Front 5

shape of bacteria

Back 5

- cocci (spherical)
- bacilli (rod shaped)
- spirilli (spirals)

Front 6

differences between gram positive and gram negative cell walls

Back 6

- gram positive cell walls: turn purple. smoother outside. thick peptidoglycan.
- gram negative cell walls: turn punk. rougher outside. have endotoxins. thin peptidoglycan. additional outer membrane.

Front 7

capsule of bacteria

Back 7

- made of polysaccharides
- helps bacteria attach to any surface
- helps bacteria invade immune system.

Front 8

fimbriae (attachment pili) of bacteria

Back 8

- external feature
- protein filament
- helps attach

Front 9

sex pilus of bacteria

Back 9

- external feature
- involved in the exchange of genetic information.
- can only be formed if the bacteria has the F gene
- if the bacteria has the F gene in its plasmid, it is F+.
- if the bacteria has the F gene in its chromosome, it is Hfr

Front 10

flagella of bacteria

Back 10

- external feature
- bacterial motility
- filament that propels organism.
- arrange themselves differently.

Front 11

cell membrane of bacteria

Back 11

- internal structure
- regulates what comes in and out of bacteria

Front 12

ribosomes of bacteria

Back 12

- internal structure
- smaller
- involved in protein synthesis. ATP

Front 13

chromosomes in bacteria

Back 13

- internal structure
- genetic information similar to DNA but different structure.

Front 14

plasmids in bacteria

Back 14

- internal structure
- smaller unit of genetic information
- give bacteria unique characteristics like antibiotic resistance.

Front 15

endospores in bacteria

Back 15

- a thick-coated, resistant cell produced by a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions

Front 16

factors that lead to diversity among bacteria

Back 16

- rapid reproduction
- mutation
- genetic recombination

Front 17

genetic recombination

Back 17

- transformation: take up open DNA. sometimes DNA is incorporated into their own DNA.
- transduction: viral transfer of DNA. the bacterial virus is the "phage"
- conjugation: bacteria to bacteria transfer of genetic information via sex pilus.

Front 18

F+ x F- conjugation

Back 18

- F+ is the bacteria that has the gene in its plasmid with the ability to form sex pilus.
- F- is the bacteria that will be receiving the DNA.

Front 19

Hfr x F- conjugation

Back 19

- Hfr is the bacteria that has the gene in its chromosome with the ability to form the sex pilus
- F- is the bacteria that will be receiving the DNA.

Front 20

energy sources in bacteria

Back 20

- phototroph: receives energy from the sun.
- chemotroph: receives energy from oxidation of chemicals.

Front 21

carbon sources in bacteria

Back 21

- autotroph: uses CO2 as a carbon source.
- heterotroph: uses organic compounds as carbon sources.

Front 22

nitrogen metabolism

Back 22

- needed for amino and nucleic acids.
- get it from nitrogen fixation.

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importance of prokaryotes

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1. important decomposers.
2. form symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
3. we use them or their products all the time.
4. useful in biotechnology.

Front 24

protists

Back 24

- any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, plant or fungus.
- structurally diverse (unicellular, colonial, multicellular
- metabolically diverse
- reproductively diverse.
- diverse lifestyle.
- live everywhere.

Front 25

eukarya supergroups

Back 25

1. excavata
2. chromalveolata
3. archaeplastida
4. unikonta

Front 26

characteristics of excavata

Back 26

- modified mitochondria
- unique flagella
- varied mode of life (phototophs, heterotrophs, parasites)

Front 27

giardia

Back 27

- eukarya --> excavata
- parasitic
- causes diarrhea

Front 28

trichonympha

Back 28

- eukarya --> excavata
- termite gut
- degrades cellulose (wood)

Front 29

trichomonas

Back 29

- eukarya --> excavata
- sexually transmitted disease

Front 30

euglena

Back 30

- eukarya --> excavata
- mixotroph

Front 31

trypanosoma

Back 31

- eukarya --> excavata
- african sleeping sickness

Front 32

chromalveolata

Back 32

- two groups: alveolates and stramenophiles.

Front 33

alveolates

Back 33

- group of chromalveolata
- have membrane bound sac under the plasma membrane
- three subgroups: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, cilliates.

Front 34

dinoflagellates

Back 34

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> alveolates
- red photosynthetic algae
- have cellulose plates
- 2 flagella in grooves

Front 35

apicomplexans

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- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> alveolates
- have a complex of organelles at their apex

Front 36

pfisteria

Back 36

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> alveolates --> dinoflagellate
- example of a dinoflagellate.

Front 37

plasmodium

Back 37

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> alveolates --> apicomplexan
- example of a apicomplexan
- causative agent of malaria.

Front 38

cilliates

Back 38

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> alveolates --> cilliate
- have cilia
- have two types of nuclei (macronucleus, and micronucleus)

Front 39

stramenopiles

Back 39

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> stramenopiles
- unicellular, colonial, and multicellular algae. photosynthetic
- oomycetes. heterotrophic, decomposers, parasitic.

Front 40

diatoms

Back 40

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> stramenopiles --> diatoms
- abrasive.
- SiO2 shell.

Front 41

brown and gold algae

Back 41

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> stramenopiles --> brown and gold algae.
- brown algae goes through alternation of generations.

Front 42

oomycetes

Back 42

- eukarya --> chromalveolata --> stramenopiles --> oomycetes
- water mold. cause of the irish potato famine.

Front 43

archaeplastida

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- eukarya --> archaeplastida
- consists of red algae, green algae, and land plants (not protist)

Front 44

red algae

Back 44

- eukarya --> archaeplastida --> red algae
- photosynthetic. red photosynthetic pigment

Front 45

green algae

Back 45

- eukarya --> archaeplastida --> green algae
- photosynthetic. green photosynthetic pigment
- similar to land plants in terms of chloroplast structure and pigment.

Front 46

unikonta

Back 46

- eukarya --> unikonta
- consist of: aboebozoans, fungi (not protist), animals (not protist)
- two groups.

Front 47

amoebozoans

Back 47

- eukarya --> unikonta --> amoebozoans
- consist of: amoeba, plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds
- phagocytize