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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Whatis the body fluids constitute in females?
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55% |
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Whatis the body fluids constitute in males?
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60%
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Whatare the body fluid compartments?
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Intracellular fluids (IFC) inside cells 2/3 Extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells 1/3 |
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Interstitialfluid between cells is what % of ECF?
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80%
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Plasmain blood is what % of ECF?
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20%
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Whatis electrolyte balance?
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Electrolytes are ions released through dissociation ofinorganic compounds -Can conduct electrical current in solution |
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Howdoes electrolyte balance work?
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When the gains and losses of all electrolytes are equal Primarily involves balancing rates of absorption acrossdigestive tract with rates of loss at kidneys and sweat glands |
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Howdoes acid-base balance work?
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Preciselybalancing production and loss of hydrogen ions (pH)
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Whendoes the body generate acids?
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Duringnormal metabolism, tends to reduce pH
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Howdoes water exchange between ICF and ECF?
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Occursacross plasma membranes by osmosis, diffusion, and carrier-mediated transport
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Howdo we normally take in fluids?
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Ingestion of liquids/moist foods (2300mL/day) Metabolic synthesis cellular respiration and dehydrationsynthesis (200mL/day) |
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Normalfluid loss is done through?
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Kidneys (1500mL/day) Evaporation from the skin (600mL/day) Exhalation from the lungs (300mL/day) In the feces (100mL/day) |
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Whataffects fluid and electrolyte balance?
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Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Natriuretic peptides |
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Howdoes ADH affect fluid and electrolyte balance?
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Stimulates water conservation at kidneys by reducing urinarywater loss or concentrating urine Stimulates thirst center to promote fluid intake |
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Aldosteroneis secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to what?
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Rising K+ or falling Na+ levels in blood Activation of renin-angiotensin system |
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Whatdoes aldosterone determine?
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Determinesrate of Na+ absorption and L+ loss along DCT and collecting system
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Whatdoes high aldosterone plasma concentration cause?
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Causes kidneys to conserve salt |
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Theconservation of Na+ by aldosterone also stimulates what?
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Water retention |
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Atrialnatriuretic peptide (ANP) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) are what?
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NatriureticPeptides
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ANPand BNP are released by cardiac muscle cells in response to what?
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Toabnormal stretching of heart walls
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Natriureticpeptides do what?
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Reduce thirst, block release of ADH and aldosterone Cause Diuresis Lower blood pressure and plasma volume |
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Whatis the main factor that determines body fluid volume?
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NaCl, determines body fluid osmolarity is extent of urinarywater loss |
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Whathormones promote urinary Na+ and Cl- reabsorption when dehydrated?
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Angiotensin II Aldosterone |
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Whathormones promote excretion of Na+ and Cl- followed by water excretion todecrease blood volume?
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AtrialNatriuretic Peptide (ANP)
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Whydo cells shrink or swell?
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Becauseintracellular and interstitial fluids have the same osmolarity
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Increasingosmolarity of interstitial fluids does what?
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Drawswater out of cells and cells shrink
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Decreasingosmolarity of interstitial fluids does what?
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Causescells to swell
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Changesin osmolarity often result from changes in what?
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Na+concentration
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Howdoes water intoxication happen?
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Drinking water faster than the kidneys can excrete it Can lead to convulsions, coma or death |
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Howdoes over hydration occur?
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Ingestion of large volume of fresh water Injection of hypotonic solution into bloodstream Endocrine disorders Inability to eliminate excess water in urine |
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Endocrinedisorders cause excessive what?
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ExcessiveADH production
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Whatare some reasons one must have inability to eliminate excess water in urine?
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Chronic renal failure Heart failure Cirrhosis |
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Whatare some signs of over hydration?
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Abnormally low Na+ concentration (hyponatremia) Effects on CNS function (water intoxication) |
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Whatis hyponatremia?
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Abnormallylow Na+ concentrations
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Howdo ions form?
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Whenelectrolytes dissolve and dissociate
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Whatare the four general functions of ions?
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Control osmosis of water between body fluid compartments Help maintain the acid-base balance Carry electrical current Serve as cofactors |
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Whatare cations?
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Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium |
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Whatare anions?
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Chloride Bicarbonate Phosphate Sulfate |
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Whatis the most abundant ion in ECF?
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Sodium
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Sodiummakes up what % of extracellular cations?
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90%
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Sodiumplays a role in maintaining balance in what?
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Fluidand electrolyte balance
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Whatare the levels of Na+ controlled by?
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Aldosterone ADH Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Howdoes aldosterone control levels of Na+ in blood?
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Increasesrenal reabsorption of water
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Howdoes ADH control levels of Na+ in blood?
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Ifsodium is too low, ADH release stops
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Howdoes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) control levels of Na+ in blood?
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Increasesrenal excretion of water
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Whatis edema (clinically)?
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When excess sodium ions remain in the body because thekidneys fail to excrete enough of them, water is osmotically retained andresults in increased blood volume and increased blood pressure |
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Whatis hypovolemia (clinically)?
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Excessive urinary loss of Na+ causes excessive water loss,causing abnormally low blood volume |
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Whatis edema?
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Increasedblood volume and blood pressure
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Whatis hypovolemia?
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Abnormallylow blood volume
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Hypovolemiarelated to Na+ loss is most frequently due to what?
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Inadequate secretion of aldosterone associated with adrenalinsufficiency or overly vigorous therapy with diuretic drugs |
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Whatis the most prevalent anion in ECF?
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Chloride(Cl-)
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Whatrole does Cl- play in levels of anions in different fluid?
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Balances levels of anions in different fluid |
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Howis chloride (Cl-) regulated?
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ADH Processes that increase or decrease renal reabsorption ofNa+ also affect reabsorption of Cl- |
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Howdoes ADH regulate Cl-?
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Governsextent of water loss in urine
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Whatis the most abundant cation in ICF?
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Potassium(K+)
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Potassiumplays a key role in what?
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Establishingresting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers
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K+helps regulate what?
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pHof body fluids when exchanged for H+
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Howis potassium controlled by aldosterone?
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When K+ concentration is high, aldosterone is secreted bystimulating principal cells in renal collecting ducts to secrete excess K+ Excess K+ is lost in urine |
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Whatis the second most prevalent extracellular anion?
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Bicarbonate(HCO3-)
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Whatare the main regulators of blood HCO3-?
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Kidneys
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Howdoes concentration increase in passing blood?
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Through systematic capillaries picking up carbon dioxide -Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acidwhich dissociates -Drops in pulmonary capillaries when carbon dioxide exhaled |
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Whatis the most abundant mineral in the body?
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Calcium(Ca2+)
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98%of calcium in adults is where?
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Inskeleton and teeth
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Calciumplays an important role in what?
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Blood clotting Neurotransmitter release Muscle tone Excitability of nervous and muscle tissue |
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Whatis calcium regulated by?
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Parathyroid hormone |
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Howdoes the parathyroid hormone regulate calcium?
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Stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium from bone-resorption Enhances reabsorption from glomerular filtrate Increases production of calcitrol to increase absorption forGI tract |
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Calcitoninlowers what?
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Bloodcalcium levels
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Whatis hypercalcemia?
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Existsif Ca+ concentration in ECF is >5.5 mEq/L
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Howis hypercalcemia usually caused?
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Over secretion of PTH Malignant cancers Excessive calcium or vitamin D supplementation |
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Whatis hypocalcemia?
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Exists if Ca2+ concentration in ECF is <4.5 mEq/L Much less common than hypercalcemia |
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Whatis hypocalcemia usually caused by?
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Chronic renal failure |
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Whatelse can cause hypocalcemia?
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Whatis hypoparathyroidism?
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Under secretion of PTH Vitamin D deficiency |
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Whatis a major homeostatic challenge?
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Keeping the H+ concentration pH of body fluids at anappropriate level |
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Ina healthy person, what helps maintain the pH of systemic arterial blood between7.35-7.45?
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Chemical buffers The lungs The Kidneys |
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Whatis acid-base balance?
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pH of body fluids is altered by addition or deletion ofacids or bases |
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Inacid-base balance, what happens when there are strong acids and strong bases?
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Dissociate completely in solution |
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Inacid-base balance, what happens when there are weak acids or weak bases?
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Do not dissociate completely in solution Some molecules remain intact Liberate fewer hydrogen ions Have less effect on pH of solution |
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Buffersact quickly to temporarily bind H+, removing the highly reactive, excess H+from solution. Buffers thus raise pH of body fluids but do not remove H+ fromthe body, what are these buffers?
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Protein Carbonic acid bicarbonate Phosphate |
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Lungsregulate what in blood levels?
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CO2 |
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CO2+ H2O =
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Carbonicacid
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HighCO2 =
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slower breathing, holding onto carbonic acid and lower pH |
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LowCO2 =
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faster breathing, blow off carbonic acid and raise pH |
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Whataction is twice as effective as chemical buffers?
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Exhalation of carbon dioxide, but its effects are temporary |
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Theonly way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acids is what?
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Through their excretion in urine, but it is the slowestmechanism |
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Renaltubes secrete what?
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H+ |
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Whatis the normal pH range of arterial blood?
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7.35-7.45
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Whatis acidosis?
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BloodpH below 7.35
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Whatis alkalosis?
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Blood pH above 7.45 |
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Whatis respiratory acidosis?
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Abnormally high PCO2 in systemic arterial blood |
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Whatdoes respiratory acidosis cause?
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Inadequate exhalation of CO2 |
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Whatcauses respiratory acidosis?
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Any condition that decreases movement of CO2 out- emphysema,pulmonary edema, airway obstruction |
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Whatis respiratory alkalosis?
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Abnormally low PCO2 in systemic arterial blood |
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Howis respiratory acidosis fixed?
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Kidney can help raise blood pH Goal is to increase exhalation of CO2 - ventilation therapy |
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Whatdoes respiratory alkalosis cause?
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Hyperventilation due to oxygen deficiency from high altitudeor pulmonary disease, stroke or even severe anxiety |
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Howis respiratory alkalosis fixed?
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Breathe into a paper bag for a short time Renal compensation can help |
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Whatis metabolic acidosis?
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Abnormally low HCO3- in systemic arterial blood |
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Howis metabolic acidosis caused?
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Loss of HCO3- from severe diarrhea or renal dysfunction Accumulation of an acid other than carbonic acid -ketosis Failure of kidneys to excrete H+ from metabolism of dietaryproteins |
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Whatis metabolic alkalosis?
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Abnormallyhigh HCO3- in systemic arterial blood
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Howis metabolic alkalosis caused?
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Nonrespiratory loss of acid- vomiting of acidic stomachcontents, gastric suctioning Excessive intake of alkaline drugs (antacids) Use of certain diuretics Severe dehydration |
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Whatare some acid-base balance disturbances?
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Disorders Cardiovascular conditions Conditions affecting the CNS |
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Whatare some disorders that could affect acid-base balance?
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Circulating buffers Respiratory performance Renal function |
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Whatare some cardiovascular conditions that can affect acid-base balance?
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Heart failure Hypotension |
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Whatare some conditions affecting the CNS that could affect acid-base balance?
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Neural damage or disease that affects respiratory andcardiovascular reflexes |
