Chapter 26

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RFC

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an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. It was modeled after the War Finance Corporation of World War I

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Hundred Days

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presidential initiatives. During these “Hundred Days,” Roosevelt sent fifteen major requests to Congress and received back fifteen pieces of legislation. A few created agencies that have become a part of American life. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was on of the most ambitious of Roosevelt's New Deal measures. This innovative effort at regional planning resulted in the building of a series of dams in seven states to control floods, ease navigation, and produce electricity. Although critics lamented the cost of the project and its impact on the environment and certain local communities, it went far toward bringing one of the most underdeveloped parts of the country into the modern era.

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NRA

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•The National Recovery Administration, established by the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1935, attempted to redefine the relationship between industry and the federal government.

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AAA

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•The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) (, enacted May 12, 1933) restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers to reduce crop area. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby giving farmers relative stability again.

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Harry Hopkins

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was one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers.
headed the Civil Works Administration and later the Works Progress Administration, which sponsored ambitious relief programs for the nation's unemployed by creating federal jobs.

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WPA

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the largest New Deal agency, employing millions to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads, and operated large arts, drama, media, and literacy

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Townsend Plan

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a plan for an Old-Age Revolving Pension, prompted one of the most astonishing social movements of the New Deal period

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Social Security Act

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1935) New Deal act that instituted old-age pensions and insurance for the unemployed.

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Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

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•The National Labor Relations Act (or Wagner Act, after Robert F. Wagner) is a 1935 United States federal law that limits the means with which employers may react to workers in the private sector that create labor unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take part in strikes and other forms

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NLRB

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•National Labor Relations Board: an independent agency of the United States government charged with mediating disputes between management and labor unions

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John L Lewis

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an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960. He was a major player in the history of coal mining

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Liberty League

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the American
Liberty League, which in the midst of the Great Depression dared to attack the whole
philosophical basis of the New Deal. It was perhaps the best-financed and the most
professionally run and star-studded anti-big-government organization ever to come down the
pike.

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CCC

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In his first 100 days in office, President Roosevelt approved several measures as part of his "New Deal," including the Emergency Conservation Work Act (ECW), better known as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). With that action, he brought together the nation's young men and the land in an effort to save them both.

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Bonus Army

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•The self-named Bonus Expeditionary Force was an assemblage of some 43,000 marchers — 17,000 World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups, who protested in Washington, D.C., in spring and summer of 1932

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PWA

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The Public Works Administration (PWA) was a New Deal agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It concentrated on the construction of large-scale public works such as dams and bridges, with the goal of providing employment, stabilizing purchasing power, and contributing to a revival of American industry.

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CWA

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The Civil Works Administration was established by the New Deal during the Great Depression to create jobs for millions of unemployed

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Harold Ickes

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U.S. Secretary of the Interior in Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration

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UAW

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United Auto Workers (UAW), is a labor union which represents workers in the United States and Puerto Rico

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Hattie Caraway

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the first woman elected to serve as a United States Senator

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FSA

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the Farm Security Administration (FSA) was an effort during the Depression to combat American rural poverty.

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Federal Farm Board

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was actually created in 1929, before the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, 1929, but its powers were later enlarged to meet the economic crisis farmers faced during the Great Depression

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Fair Labor Standards Act

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also called the Wages and Hours Bill, is United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in interstate commerce or employed by an enterprise engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce

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“Hooverville’s”

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Hooverville was the popular name for shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression. They were named after the President at the time, Herbert Hoover, because he allegedly let the nation slide into depression

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Charles Coughlin

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an American Catholic priest and a popular radio figure of the 1930s

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Huey Long

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nicknamed The Kingfish, served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies.

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Francis Townsend

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an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression

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Alf Landon

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was an American Republican politician, who served as the 26th Governor of Kansas from 1933-1937

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Eleanor Roosevelt (impact on New Deal)

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was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights.

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Charles Evans Hughes

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a lawyer and Republican politician from the State of New York.

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Fireside Chats

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a series of thirty evening radio speeches given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944

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TVA

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•Established by Congress in 1933 to assist in the development of the Tennessee River and adjacent areas. TVA is a wholly-owned corporate agency and instrumentality of the United States. Bonds issued by TVA carry the implied backing of the US government, though they are not government-guaranteed

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Court Packing

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The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 was a legislative initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt shortly after his victory in the 1936 presidential election

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REA

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The REA was created (1935) by executive order as an independent federal bureau, authorized by the Congress in 1936, and later (1939) reorganized as a division of the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.

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New Deal

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the historic period (1933-1940) in the United States during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

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New Deal Coalition

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the alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until approximately 1968, which made the Democratic Party the majority party during that period

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Indian Reorganization Act

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also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally, the Indian New Deal, was a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans

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Great Depression impact on political parties

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The New Deal programs of FDR created a liberal political alliance made up of labor unions, blacks and other ethnic and religious minorities, intellectuals, the poor, and some farmers. These groups became the backbone of the Democratic Party for decades following the Depression. Those opposed to FDR and the New Deal, businessmen and industrialists, upper middle class and the wealthy, and most conservatives would find a political home in the Republican Party.

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New Deal impact on women, African Americans, Mexicans

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The Roosevelt administration's attempts to aid the downtrodden were least effective with African Americans and other racial minorities. The Great Depression had hit blacks with special force. The New Deal helped African Americans survive the depression, but it never tried to confront squarely the racial injustice built into the federal relief programs. The New Deal did far less for Mexican Americans. The pool of unemployed migrant labor expanded with Dust Bowl conditions in the Great Plains. Local authorities rounded up migrants and shipped them back to Mexico to reduce the welfare rolls. The New Deal relief program did aid many thousands of Mexican Americans in the Southwest in the 1930s, although migrant workers had difficulty meeting state requirements. Overall, the pattern was on of great economic hardship and relatively little federal assistance for Mexican Americans. Native Americans, after decades of neglect, fared slightly better under the New Deal. Roosevelt appointed John Collier to serve as commissioner of Indian affairs. In 1934, Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act, a reform measure designed to stress tribal unity and autonomy instead of attempting to transform Indians into self-sufficient farmers by granting them small plots of land. The decade witnessed no significant gained in the status of American women. In the midst of the Great depression, there was little concern expressed for protecting or extending their rights. The popular idea that women worked for "pin money" while men were the breadwinners for their families led empolyers to dis criminate in favor of men when cutting the workforce. Many of the working women in the 1930s were either single or the sole supporters of an entire family. Yet their wages remained lower than those for men, and their unemployment rate ran higher than 20 percent throughout the decade. The New Deal offered little encouragement. Despite these hardships, the number of married women and women beteen the ages of 25 and 40 in the labor force increased during the 1930s. Women also were elected to office in larger numbers in the 1930s. In sum, a decade that was grim for most Americans was especially hard on American women.

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CIO

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The CIO supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition, and was open to African Americans. Both federations grew rapidly during the Great Depression. The rivalry for dominance was bitter and sometimes violent. The CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization) was founded on November 9, 1935, by eight international unions belonging to the American Federation of Labor.