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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phylogeny
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The evolutionary History of a species or group of related species
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Systematics
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The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both presentday and extinct
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Fossil Record
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The conical of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
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Analogy
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Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to decent from a common ancestor
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Homoplasy
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Similar structures or molecular sequensed that have evolved independently in two species
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Binomial Genus
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The two part latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and specifis epithet
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Specific Epithet
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Second part of binomial, refering to the onespecies within a genus
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Family
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In classification, the taxonomic category above genus
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Order
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In classification, the taxonomic category above family
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Classes
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In classification, the taxonomic category above order
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Taxonomy
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Ordered division of organisms based on a set of characteristics used to asses similarities and differendes leading toa classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse form of life
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Phyla
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In classification, the taxonomic category above genus
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Kingdoms
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A taxonomic category, the second most broad after domain
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Domains
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the taxonomic category above the Kingdoms level. HTe three domains are eukaryote, bacteria and archaea
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Taxon
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The named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification
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Phylogenetic Tree
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A branching diagram represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
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Cladogram
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A diagram depicts patterns of shared characteristics among species
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Clade
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A group of species that includes an ancestral species ad all its decedents
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Cladistics
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the analysis of how species may be grouped into clades
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Monophyletic
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Pertaining to a group of species consisting of ancestral species and all its decedents; a clade.
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Paraphyletic
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pertaining to a group of species that consists of ancestral species and some, but not all, of its decedent
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Polyphyletic
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Pertaining to a group of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms
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Shared Primitive Character
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A characteristic displayed om species outside a particular taxon
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Shared Derived Character
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An evolutionary novelty that evolved within a particular clade
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Outgroup
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A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
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Ingroup
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In cladistics study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organism, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed
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Ultrametric Tree
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A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect measurements of geologic time
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Maximum Parsimony
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A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts
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Maximum likelihood
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A principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses one should take into account the one that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionalry events, given certian rules about hoe DNA changes over time
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Ortholgous Gene
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Homolouous genes that are passed in a strait line from one generation to the next, but have ended up in different gene pools because of speciation
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Paralougous
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Homologous genes that are found in the same genome due to gene duplication
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Neutral Theory
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The hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwin
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Molecular Clock
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An evolutionary timing method base on the observation that at least some regions of genome evolve at constant rates
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
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Genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposeable elements and perhaps through fissions of different domains
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