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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Phylogeny
The evolutionary History of a species or group of related species
Systematics
The analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both presentday and extinct
Fossil Record
The conical of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata
Analogy
Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to decent from a common ancestor
Homoplasy
Similar structures or molecular sequensed that have evolved independently in two species
Binomial Genus
The two part latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and specifis epithet
Specific Epithet
Second part of binomial, refering to the onespecies within a genus
Family
In classification, the taxonomic category above genus
Order
In classification, the taxonomic category above family
Classes
In classification, the taxonomic category above order
Taxonomy
Ordered division of organisms based on a set of characteristics used to asses similarities and differendes leading toa classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse form of life
Phyla
In classification, the taxonomic category above genus
Kingdoms
A taxonomic category, the second most broad after domain
Domains
the taxonomic category above the Kingdoms level. HTe three domains are eukaryote, bacteria and archaea
Taxon
The named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification
Phylogenetic Tree
A branching diagram represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships
Cladogram
A diagram depicts patterns of shared characteristics among species
Clade
A group of species that includes an ancestral species ad all its decedents
Cladistics
the analysis of how species may be grouped into clades
Monophyletic
Pertaining to a group of species consisting of ancestral species and all its decedents; a clade.
Paraphyletic
pertaining to a group of species that consists of ancestral species and some, but not all, of its decedent
Polyphyletic
Pertaining to a group of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms
Shared Primitive Character
A characteristic displayed om species outside a particular taxon
Shared Derived Character
An evolutionary novelty that evolved within a particular clade
Outgroup
A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
Ingroup
In cladistics study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organism, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed
Ultrametric Tree
A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect measurements of geologic time
Maximum Parsimony
A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts
Maximum likelihood
A principle that states that when considering multiple phylogenetic hypotheses one should take into account the one that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionalry events, given certian rules about hoe DNA changes over time
Ortholgous Gene
Homolouous genes that are passed in a strait line from one generation to the next, but have ended up in different gene pools because of speciation
Paralougous
Homologous genes that are found in the same genome due to gene duplication
Neutral Theory
The hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwin
Molecular Clock
An evolutionary timing method base on the observation that at least some regions of genome evolve at constant rates
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposeable elements and perhaps through fissions of different domains