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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the gross anatomy of the kidney |
- paired - bean shaped - posterior abdomen - retro peritoneal (shouldn't move) - left kidney is slightly higher than the right because of the liver pushing the right kidney down - concave part of bean is facing towards the center of the body |
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Name the coverings of the kidney |
- renal fascia - perirenal fat capsule - fibrous capsule |
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Renal Fascia |
anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures |
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Perirenal Fat Capsule |
surrounds and cushions the kidney |
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Fibrous Capsule |
Prevents surrounding infections from reaching the kidney |
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Internal Anatomy |
- cortex - medulla - renal pelvis - major and minor calyces collect urine and empty it into the renal pelvis |
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Capsules |
Connective tissue |
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Cortex |
Enclosed by the capsules, continuous tissue, extends into renal columns |
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Medulla |
Consist of the pyrmids |
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Hilum (Sinus and Hilum) |
like a doorway for everything that comes in and out (out of hilum and into the sinus) |
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Trace the blood supply through the kidney |
Aorta --> Renal Artery --> Segmental Artery --> Interlobar Artery --> Arcuate Artery --> Cortical Radiate Artery --> Afferent Arteriole --> Glomerulus (capillaries) --> Efferent arteriole--> Peritubular Capillaries or Vasa Recta--> Cortical Radiate Vein-->Arcuate Vein--> Interlobar Vein--> Renal Vein--> Inferior Vena Cava |
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Nephron- Associated Blood Vessels |
Afferent Arteriole --> Glomerulus (capillaries) --> Efferent arteriole --> Peritubular Capillaries or Vasa Recta |
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About 90% of the arterial blood goes to the ________; only about 10% goes to the _________ |
Renal cortex; renal medulla |
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Although the kidneys account for only about ____% of total body mass, they receive about ___% of total cardiac output. All blood passes through the kidneys about every ____ minutes |
0.5%; 20%; 4-5 minutes |
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Describe the anatomy of a nephron |
Consists of a renal corpuscle composed of a tuft of capillaries (the glomerulus) surrounded by a glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule) |
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Nephron Overview: -Each nephron is a _____ ______ lined by a _____ ______ -There are about _________ nephrons per kidney - ________ be replaced once they have been lost -Each Nephron has two parts: _______ & _______ |
- Single Tube; Simple Epithelium (cuboidal epithelium) - 1 million - Renal corpuscle; tubular portion |
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Four major regions of a nephron |
1. renal corpuscle (cortex) 2. proximal convoluted [coiled] tubule (cortex; proximal to glomerulus) 3. Nephron loop (medulla) 4. distal convoluted tubule (cortex; distal to glomerulus) |
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Two types of Nephrons |
1. Cortical nephrons (85%): located almost entirely within the cortex 2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons (15% or 1/7): located near the cortex-medulla junction *classification based on the size of the loops |
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Renal corpuscle anatomy |
1. Glomerulus: arterial capillary tuft (ball of capillaries and under arterial pressure) 2. Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule: invests the glomerulus (surrounds the glomerulus, think of it like a balloon) 3. Mesangium: supports the glomerulus |
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Each glomerulus divides into about __ branches (segments); collectively they from about _____ capillary loops they form a tuft or ball-like structure |
5 branches; 10-12 capillary loops |
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Four properties/functions of Mesangium/ Cells |
1. provide support through the ECM 2. keep glomerular basement membrane free of trapped debris by performing phagocytosis (keep it clean) 3. contractile control over glomerular blood flow 4. can divide/ multiply in response to injury |
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What are the different cell types that have a nucleus in a glomerulus |
1. endothelial cells 2. podocytes 3. mesangial cells 4. white blood cells |
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What is the function of the Renal Corpuscle |
filtering of blood; a cell-free liquid called filtrate is produced |
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Filtrate is formed in the _________ then flows through these parts of the nephron: ________ _______ _______ |
Renal corpuscle; Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (Cortex) --> Nephron loop of Henle (NL) (Medulla) --> Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) (Cortex) |
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Glomerular Filtration |
Passive, nonselective process in which hydrostatic pressure forces fluids through the glomerular membrane |
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Net Filtration Pressure |
the main controllable factor of the GFR. |
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Glomerular Filtration Rate |
The volume of filtrate formed each minute by all of the golmeruli (2 million) of the kidneys |
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Glomerular Filtration Rate is directly proportional to which factors |
- net filtration pressure - total surface area available for filtration - filtration membrane permeability |
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Intrinsic controls of the glomerular filtration rate |
Controls kidneys to maintain the GRF by renal auto-regulation, which helps the constant renal blood flow. |
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Auto-regulatory mechanism maintains stable GFR of about ______ mm Hg. |
80-180 mm Hg |
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two types of controls of the renal auto-regulation |
1. myogenic mechanism: helps maintain normal GFR 2. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism: helps maintain Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) along with GFR |
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Extrinsic controls of the glomerular filtration rate |
regulate the GFR to maintain the systemic blood pressure through nerves and endocrine systems. They can sometimes cause damage to the kidneys |
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Two types of Extrinsic controls |
1. Sympathetic Nervous System Controls: stimulates the granular cells to release renin 2. Renin Angiotensin Mechanism: helps maintain systemic blood pressure |
