Chapter 25

Front 1

two stages of evolution of life

Back 1

- development of first single cells
- development of complex and diverse life

Front 2

organic evolution

Back 2

concept that life has changed over the vast span of geological time (widely accepted)

Front 3

Fossil trends

Back 3

- single celled organisms oldest
- complex organims first to appear as impressions
- marine invertebrates are first then vertebrates
- vertebrates first in ocean, then appear on land

Front 4

fossil species

Back 4

a species is born, matures and dies(becomes extinct), more than 99.99% have

Front 5

Dollo's law

Back 5

once extinct, a species can never return to life on earth. extinction is forever

Front 6

The genetic record

Back 6

every modern organism comes w/in itself a molecular record of evolution from ancient single-celled organisms

Front 7

The Anatomical Record

Back 7

Physical structures w/in organisms provide proof of organic evolution

Front 8

Vestigal organs

Back 8

internal features that serve little or no useful function, but they are there (evolution proof)

Front 9

Miller-Urey experiments

Back 9

showed that this early atmosphere could make amino acids if electrical charges are applied

Front 10

"Primordial soup"

Back 10

nickname for early ocean with abundant amino acids, the building blocks of protein

Front 11

Extremophile Record

Back 11

1) at midocean ridge vents: take enrgy from Earth's internal heat, not the Sun
2) deep w/in the earth: live in rocks and draw energy from decomposing minerals

Front 12

Charles Darwin

Back 12

- The Orgin of Species (1859)
- The first person to convincingly show natural selection was a way to achieve organic evolution
- Natural selection is a gradual slow process that changes populations over time

Front 13

Natural Selection

Back 13

- Every population contains genetic diversity
- Not as controlled nor as rapid as artificial selection

Front 14

Adaptation

Back 14

any structure, process or behavior that helps an organism survive and thus pass on its genetic material

Front 15

Age of Prokaryotes

Back 15

~3.5 bya to 1 bya

Front 16

Prokaryotes

Back 16

the Monera, all single-celled organisms w/o a cell nucleus (DNA is coiled near the center of the cell)

Front 17

Cyanobacteria

Back 17

Most important of the prokaryotes bc they conduct photosynthesis and release oxygen as a by-product (responsible for oxugen buildup in atmosphere)

Front 18

Age of the Eukaryotes

Back 18

1 bya to 0.7 bys

Front 19

Eukaryotes

Back 19

more advanced single-celled organisms beginning with a symbiotic relationship b/t cells; cells began live in other cells, thus eukaryotes formed

Front 20

Age of the Ediacarans

Back 20

700 mya to 545 mya

Front 21

Ediacarians

Back 21

soft-bodied metazoans (multi-cellular) that are known only by their impressions left in sedimenteary rock; show adaptive radiation

Front 22

Age of Shelly Life

Back 22

570 mya to 465 mya

Front 23

Cambrian Explosion

Back 23

the apparent "sudden" appearance of marine invertebrates bearing shells and other body armor in fossils

Front 24

Age of Fishes

Back 24

~465 mya to 365 mya

began with jawless fish and evolved to cartilaginous then armored fishes, ended with amphibians

Front 25

Age of Land Plants and Insects

Back 25

~400 mya to present

Front 26

Coal Age

Back 26

Seeded plants were abundant and the first forests of trees developed, then there were abundant forest swamps (by 275 mya)

Front 27

Age of Amphibians

Back 27

~355 mya to 290 mya

Front 28

Age of Reptiles

Back 28

~290 mya to 65 mya

began with giant sail-back reptile and ended with dinosaurs

Front 29

Age of Mammals

Back 29

~65 mya to present

Front 30

Eons

Back 30

- vast spans of geological time representing major changes in Earth's fossil record

Phanerozoic - "visible life"
Proterozoic - "before life"
Archean - "early time"
Hadean - "primordial time"

Front 31

Eras

Back 31

- intermediate spans of geological time represening significant changes in Earth's fossil record

(look at table)

Front 32

Periods

Back 32

subdivisions of Eras

(look at table)

Front 33

Epochs

Back 33

subdivisions of periods

(look at table)

Front 34

Hadean

Back 34

"heavy bombardment" of meteorites and asteroids; molten crust; impact that formed the moon

Front 35

Archaen

Back 35

life begins in "primordial soupp;" time of the prokaryotes

Front 36

Proterozoic

Back 36

prokaryotes and eukaryotes; oxygen build up in atmosphere; multicellular life begins w/Ediacarans; adaptive radiation of marine inverebrates

Front 37

Cambrian

Back 37

adaptive radiation of marine invertebrated w/external skeletons; shelly marine life (trilobites)

Front 38

Ordovicians

Back 38

vast, warm shallow seas; age of the jawless fish; global glaciation; ends w/mass extinction #1

Front 39

Silurion

Back 39

first land plants, insects, vertebrates

Front 40

Devonian

Back 40

age of diverse fish; near end mass extinction #2 maybe from cosmic impact

Front 41

Carboniferous

Back 41

age of great coal swamps and the amphibians; building of Appalachains

Front 42

Permian

Back 42

age of reptiles begins; Pangaea is forms; global glaciations; mass extinction #3

Front 43

Triassic

Back 43

breakup of Pangaea; gulf of mexico formed; first dinosaurs. turtles, marine reptiles; first mammals; ends with mass extinction #4

Front 44

Jurassic

Back 44

epitome of the "dinosaur age"

Front 45

Cretaceous

Back 45

time of vast chalk deposits (dead marine plankton); diverse dinosaurs; flowering plants; edns in mass extinction #5 due to asteroid or comet

Front 46

Paleogene

Back 46

rise of the mammals; first large mammals, including whales

Front 47

Neogene

Back 47

diversification of mammals; global glaciations