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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning: |
Acquisition of new information, knowledge or skills. |
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Memory: |
retention of learned information. |
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Declarative Memory: |
memory of facts and events,– conscious access-easy to form easy to forget. |
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Non Declarative Memory: |
Procedural memory.Takes many repetitions to form, and are difficult to forget. |
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Procedural learning |
involves the learning of a motor response in reaction to sensory input |
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Non-associative learning |
(a) Habituation: over time a stimulus has less and less impact on behavior (b) Sensitization: a strong sensory stimulus leads to increased responsiveness to other sensory stimuli. |
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Amnesia |
Loss of memory and/or loss of the ability to learn. |
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Prefrontal cortex: |
working memory for problem solving and planning of behavior. |
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Wisconsin card-sorting test |
Correct performance requires integration of current sensory input with relevant information from previous trials |
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Memory trace (engram): |
physical location of a memory. |
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Donald Hebb: |
Conceptual link between memory storage and representation of stimuli within the cortex |
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Reverberation of activity within the assembly corresponds to short-term memory.Persistence of activation leads to strengthening of the assembly’s connections (“growth process”).Subsequently, the assembly can be triggered by a weaker stimulus,or by only a portion of the stimulus. The reciprocal connection will automatically “complete” the cortical representation of the stimulus.. |
Consequences of the model: the engram could be widely distributed and the same neurons that are involved in perception also participate in memory. Partial destruction of the assembly may not cause loss of all memory
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Structures in the medial temporal lobe are involved in the consolidation of declarative memories. |
A wide array of cortical association areas project to parahippocampal and entorhinal areas which in turn provide input to the hippocampus. Hippocampus, in turn, projects back to cerebral cortex.
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Responses of neurons in inferior temporal cortex (IT) to faces show learning-related changes over time. |
These neurons underlie both recognition and memory.
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Lesions of the medial temporal lobes cause |
deficits in recognition memory |
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showed that damage limited to (a specific subfield of) the hippocampal formation was sufficient |
to produce clinically significant anterograde memory loss. |
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Alcoholism (thiamine deficiency) results |
in damage to the mamillary bodies, and thalamus. Korsakoff’s syndrome |
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Hippocampus: |
a) Binds sensory information together for the purpose of memory consolidation b) Spatial memory of objects of behavioral importance c) Storage of memories for a length of time |
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In rodents, many cells in the hippocampus respond selectively when |
the animal is in a particular location in its environment. |
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The location is called |
the “place field” |
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the cells are referred |
to as “place cells”. |
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Firing of place cells is often independent of |
actual sensory input. |
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In both standard and multiple trace models, memory formation is initiated by |
synaptic changes in the hippocampus.In this schematic, the hippocampal neurons interact with neurons in three distributed areas of neocortex. |
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Grid cells have firing fields dispersed over the entire environment (in contrast to place fields which are restricted to certain specific regions of the environment)The firing fields are organized into a hexagon allattice |
Firing fields are generally equally spaced apart, such that the distance from one firing field to all six adjacent firing fields is approximately the same Firing fields are equally positioned, such that the six neighboring fields are located at approximately 60 degree increments |
