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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anagenesis
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"phyletic evolution"
1. progressive evolution of species 2. change in gene frequency in an entire population 3. Formation of "new" species from "old" |
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Cladogenesis
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"branching evolution"
1. splitting of gene pool 2. forms a "clade" of one or more new species |
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Microevolution
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adaptions within a population and single gene pool
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Macroevolution
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evolutionary change above the species level
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Reproductive Isolation
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biological barriers that prevent members of two species from producing viable and fertile offspring
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Prezygotic barriers
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disallow successful union of sperm and egg
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Postzygotic barriers
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disallow development of hybrid zygote
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Temporal Isolation
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two species that breed at different times of the day or different seasons will not mate
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Habitat Isolation
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two species that occupy different habitats within the same area are unlikely to encounter each other
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Behavioral Isolation
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some species require elaborate courtship rituals
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Mechanical Isolation
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morphological differences between species can prevent mating
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Gametic Isolation
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not all eggs and sperm are created equal
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Reduced hybrid viability
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some hybrids are not as robust as either parent
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Reduced hybrid fertility
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even vigorous hybrids can be sterile
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Hybrid breakdown
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first generation of hybrids are OK, but the offspring of two hybrids are feeble or sterile
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Allopatric speciation
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1. population is divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations.
2. populations can no longer interbreed 3. speciation has occurred. |
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Sympatric speciation
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Speciation takes place in geographically overlapping populations
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Mechanism of Sympatric speciation
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1. Allopolyploidy
2. Habitat differentation 3. Sexual selection |
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Adaptive Radiation
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evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to a new environment
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Rate of Speciation
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1. Gradualism
2. Punctuated equilibrium |
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Gradualism (speciation)
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species appear and disappear gradually and regularly over time
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Punctuated equilibrium
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long periods of apparent stasis punctuated by periods of sudden and dramatic change.
NOTE: supported by the fossil record |
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Evolution not goal oriented
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not a single evolutionary event, but the accumulation of many smaller evolutionary events
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Biological species concept
DOES NOT APPLY |
1. asexual reproduction
2. fossils 3. unknown reproduction |
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Other species concepts
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1. Morpological
2. Phylogenic 3. Paleontological 4. Ecological |
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Polyploidy
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Presence of extra sets of chromosomes because of accidents in cell division
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autopolyploid
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1. more than 2 sets
2. from one species |
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Allopolyploid
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1. more than 2 sets
2. from multiple species |
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Heterochrony
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Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of developmental events
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Allometric growth
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proportioning that gives the body its specific form
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