Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are some evidence for evolution?
|
Anatomical comparisons, Fossils, Biomolecular evidence (genes must have ancestors)
|
|
|
What is Molecular Evolution?
|
A) Studies the patterns of evolutionary changes in molecules
B) studies the processes of ,molecular change c) compares the molecules of living organisms D) Can determine the linkages between various species based on molecular changes E) All of the above |
|
|
Where are genes found in eukaryotes?
|
nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria
|
|
|
What are the molecules of interest to molecular biologists?
|
amino acids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, and proteins
|
|
|
What is crucial in reconstructing the evolutionary history of certain groups of organisms?
|
Knowledge of the rate of change of a given macromolecule
|
|
|
Sequence alighment technique
|
Deletions and insertions that occur in the sequence since the two species have diverged
|
|
|
True or False: The longer the molecules have been evolving separately, the more differences they will have.
|
True.
|
|
|
True or False: The more essential a molecule is for cell function, the faster the rate of its evolution.
|
False. Slower the rate.
|
|
|
Why is the protein cytochrome c important in the study of molecular evolution?
|
Because it is found in all eukaryotes.
|
|
|
What are molecular clocks?
|
Changes in macromolecules at a constant rate
Ex. cytochrome c |
|
|
What are Nonsynonomous Subsitutions?
|
Subsitutions that change the order of the amino acid sequence that have an effect on protein function; subject to natural selection
|
|
|
True or False: Pseudogenes and protein-coding regions have high subsitution rates because they do not effect protein function.
|
True.
|
|
|
What is the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution?
|
Majority of evolutionary changes in macromolecules and species variation results from random genetic drift.
|
|
|
True or False: Evidence indicates that all living organisms arose from a single ancestral lineage.
|
True.
|
|
|
What is the process that best allows for proteins to acquire new functions?
|
Gene duplication
|
|
|
What is polyploidy?
|
duplication of the whole genome
|
|
|
What is autopolyploidy?
|
chromosome duplication
|
|
|
Which organisms have the most different lyzosome?
|
Horse and Cow
|
|
|
Five amino acids subsitutions are shared by foregut fermenters. What do these subsitutions cause?
|
Make it more resistant to proteolytic enzymes and the acidic conditions of the stomach.
|
|
|
What is convergent evolution?
|
The independent evolution of similar features from different ancestral traits.
|
|
|
True or False: Eurkaryotes have more coding DNA than do Prokaryotes
|
True.
|
|
|
True or False: Single-celled organisms have more coding DNA than plants.
|
False.
|
|
|
True or False: Vertebrates have more coding DNA than nonvertebrates.
|
True.
|
|
|
Copies of DNA can have one of four rates. What are all four?
|
Both copies retain original function (more product could be made). Both copies retain their original function but expression diverges in different tissues or at different times. One copy becomes nonfunctional from accumulation of deleterious subsitutions and becomes a pseudogenes. One copy accumulates subsitutions that allow it to perform a new function.
|
|
|
What two of the four fates are the most important for evolution?
|
One copy becomes nonfucntional and the other copy performs a new function.
|
|
|
What is a gene family?
|
Occurs after several rounds of duplication and mutation which forms a group of homogolous genes with related functions.
Globin gene family --> hemoglobin (blood), myoglobin (muscle) |
|
|
What is a gene tree?
|
Used to show evolutionary relationships of a single gene in different species or gene families.
|
|
|
True or False: Many of humankind's problematic diseases are caused by evolving organisms.
|
True.
|
|
|
What are two form of homologs?
|
Orthologs
Paralogs |
|
|
What are Orthologs?
|
Genes that can be traced to speciation events.
|
|
|
What are paralogs?
|
Genes that are related through duplication events.
|
