Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
NUTRITION
|
A. NUTRIENT: portion of food used to promote growth, maintenance and repair of body (general term)
1. MAJOR NUTRIENTS: make up the bulk of our food a. CARBOHYDRATES all major nutrients are shuffled around by body to b. LIPIDS form what it needs: interconvertable energy sources c. PROTEINS d. WATER 2. MINOR NUTRIENTS: make up the lesser portion of our food a. VITAMINS b. MINERALS 3. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS: cannot be made by the body - must be taken in through the diet (some: amino acids, fatty acids,vitamins) B. CARBOHYDRATES: sugars and starches (energy source of choice) 1. glucose (sugar) taken into the cells, broken down to make ATP 2. DEOXYRIBOSE, RIBOSE (sugars) found in nucleic acids DNA, RNA C. LIPIDS: fats, triglycerides, cholesterol (second main energy source, used by all tissues except brain) 1. cushion, insulate, store energy 2. help absorb fat-soluble vitamins 3. triglycerides: major energy source for skeletal m. and liver 4. phospholipids: main component of cell membr. and myelin sheath 5. cholesterol forms part of cell membranes, bile salt precursor, steroid hormone precursor, vitamin D precursor, etc.. |
|
|
NUTRITION 2
|
D. PROTEINS: made of amino acids - not a big energy source
1. structural proteins: collagen, elastin, muscle (actin, myosin…), hair & nails (keratin) 2. functional proteins: enzymes, hemoglobin, hormones, antibodies E. VITAMINS: organic compounds needed in minute amounts for growth and good health 1. not broken down for energy, not building blocks 2. COENZYMES: act w/enzyme to accomplish a particular reaction 3. most are taken in by diet, few are made by body including: a. VIT D: skin b. VIT K, VIT B: intestinal bacteria c. VIT A: from breakdown of carotene 4. FAT SOLUBLE: A,D,E,K bind with lipids for absorption into GI tract. All except K are stored, toxic if taken in excess 5. WATER SOLUBLE: B-complex (except B12), C. Absorbed with water into GI tract. Not stored, if in excess, excreted in urine F. MINERALS: Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg in moderate concentrations & minute amts of other elements 1. not used for fuel 2. strengthen tissues: bones, teeth 3. help to form organic compounds 4. Na, Cl ions help maintain water balance and responsiveness of neurons and muscle cells 5. may be toxic if ingested in mass quantities |
|
|
METABOLISM: all the chemical reactions that take place in the body
|
A. ANABOLISM: synthesis reactions, making new, larger products
1. store energy in bonds 2. energy comes from the breakdown of ATP, this energy is used to form new bonds to build new molecules. ATP is the energy currency all cells of the body understand ATP ---> ADP + P + energy (used to make new bonds, do cellular work, heat) 3. examples: a. GLUCONEOGENESIS: formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (fats and proteins) b. GLYCOGENESIS: formation of glycogen from glucose glucose + ATP --> glycogen + water + ADP + P c. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: amino acids + ATP --> proteins + water + ADP + P d. LIPOGENESIS: formation of lipids glycerol + fatty acids + ATP -> triglyceride + water + ADP + P B. CATABOLISM: decomposition reactions, making new, smaller products 1. release energy as break bonds: energy used to make ATP, or released as heat or stored in temporary energy storage molecules: NADH and FADH2 to be stored in ATP later 2. TWO MAIN CATABOLIC PROCESSES a. HYDROLYSIS: use of water to help break bonds (digestion) 1) GLYCOGENOLYSIS: breakdown of glycogen into monosaccharides glycogen + water -> glucose + ATP 2) LIPOLYSIS: breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and monoglycerides 3) PROTEOLYSIS: breakdown of proteins into amino acids b. CELLULAR RESPIRATION: use of oxygen to break bonds |
|
|
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: uses O2 to get energy out of carbs, prot., fats
|
A. GETTING ENERGY FROM CARBOHYDRATES: IE MONOSACCHARIDES: involves a
series of complicated reactions grouped into 3 main processes 1. GLYCOLYSIS: occurs in cytoplasm, no O2 is required (anaerobic) glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid + energy (to make ATP) a. if no O2 present, ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION continues pyruvic a. -> lactic a. -> to liver converted to waste or carbohydrate b. if O2 present AEROBIC RESPIRATION continues pyruvic a. -> to mitochondrion, converted to acetyl Coenzyme A (ACoA) 2. KREBS CYCLE: occurs in the mitochondrion in presence of O2 ACoA -> CO2 + H+ energy (used to make ATP, NADH, FADH2) 3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN occurs in the mitochondrion H+ + O2 + FADH2 + NADH --> energy (to form ATP) + water 4. NET AEROBIC REACTION yields 36-38 ATP per glucose B. GETTING ENERGY FROM PROTEINS: proteolysis 1. not a prime energy source, used only if in excess or if have low carbs and fats. Usually, proteins are broken down and reorganized into new proteins. 2. DEAMINATION: removal of NH2 from amino acids a. occurs in liver, NH2 excreted as urea b. remainder = KETOACID 3. KETOACID -> pyruvic acid -> ACoA -> Krebs cycle, ETC -> CO2, H20, ATP C. GETTING ENERGY FROM LIPIDS: lipolysis 1. fatty acids & triglycerides: important source of energy used in all parts of body except brain 2. TRIGLYCERIDE -> glycerol + 3 fatty acids glycerol -> glycolysis -> Krebs -> ETC -> ATP, H2O, CO2 FATTY ACIDS -> beta oxidation -> ACoA -> Krebs, ETC -> ATP, H2O, CO2 |
|
|
BODY ENERGY BALANCE
|
A. CALORIE: C = MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY LIBERATED FROM CATABOLISM OF FOOD
1C = energy needed to raise temperature of 1 Kg of water 1 degree C B. energy liberated is used in three ways: 1. physical activity: energy used to do work 2. thermogenesis: 60% released as heat 3. energy storage: as fat or glycogen (only during growth and fat storage) C. BASAL METABOLIC RATE (BMR): energy the body needs to perform essential activities (breathing, maintaining resting levels of: neural, cardiac, liver, and kidney function). varies with: ^age decrease BMR sex (and muscle mass) males, more muscle mass higher BMR ^surface area of body/volume, ^BMR (ie tall,thin vs short,fat) ingestion of food ^BMR fever, stress ^BMR hormones: especially THYROXINE from thyroid gland (^BMR) D. TOTAL METABOLIC RATE (TMR): rate of kilocalorie consumption to fuel all ongoing activities TMR = BMR + voluntary activities (skeletal muscle contraction, food ingestion) |
|
|
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
|
A. AT REST: 70% heat production from liver, heart, brain and endocrine organs, 30% from inactive
skeletal muscles (muscle tone) B. ACTIVITY: skeletal muscles make up the bulk of heat production C. HOMEOSTASIS: keep body between 35.6 C to 37.8 C (96-100 F) 1. temp too low: depressed rate of reactions 2. temp too high: enzymes stop working, proteins denature 3. blood is the major heat transfer agent: brings heat from body core to the surface to be released 4. HYPOTHALAMUS: thermoregulatory center in the brain a. for heat production/conservation, hypothalamus stimulates: i. vasoconstriction of surface vessels ii. increase metabolic rate (chem. reactions) iii. shivering iv. release of thyroxine (thyroid hormone) b. for heat loss, hypothalamus stimulates: i. vasodilation of surface vessels ii. sweating iii. increased respiratory rate |
|
|
...
|
ADP + P + kinetic energy <-----> ATP
NADH, FADH: temporary electron storage units. Energy stored in these molecules can be released to make 3 or 2 ATP molecules each, respectively. CELLULAR RESPIRATION |
|
|
GLYCOLYSIS
|
-in cytoplasm of cells if O2 is present/not present
GLUCOSE ----> 2 PYRUVIC ACID + 2 ATP + 2 NADH -ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: no O2 present 2 PYRUVIC ACID --> 2 LACTIC ACID --> to liver for excretion/conversion -AEROBIC RESPIRATION: O2 is present 2 PYRUVIC ACID --> 2 ACoA + 2 CO2+ 2 NADH |
|
|
KREB’S CYCLE
|
CYCLE in the mitochondrion, O2 present
2 ACoA --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH + 2 ATP |
|
|
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
|
in mito., O2 present
10 NADH + 2 FADH + O2 ---> H2O + 32-34 ATP THEREFORE, ONE WHOLE GLUCOSE MOLECULE CREATES: 36-38 ATP + CO2 + H2O |
|
|
ATP can be generated by breaking bonds in proteins and in lipids as long as the products can be “run through” the above equations.
PROTEINS |
made of many amino acids bound together = polypeptides, and 2 or more polypeptides bound together
1. Break hydrogen bonds between polypeptides (denature protein) 2. Break bonds between amino acids to get individual amino acids (hydrolysis). 3. DEAMINATION: removing amino group from amino acid amino acid --> ketoacid + amine group 4. AMINE GROUP --> AMMONIA --> to liver to convert to UREA 5. KETOACID --> PYRUVIC ACID -AEROBIC RESPIRATION: O2 is present PYRUVIC ACID --> ACoA + CO2 + NADH |
|
|
KREB’S CYCLE
|
in the mitochondrion, O2 present
ACoA --> 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH + ATP |
|
|
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
|
in mito., O2 present
4 NADH + FADH + O2 ---> H2O + 14 ATP 6. So 1 amino acid ---> CO2 + H2O + 15 ATP (There are hundreds of AA’s in one protein) |
|
|
LIPIDS -> TRIGLYCERIDE = 3 fatty acids + glycerol
|
*emulsify large fats with bile salts
1. Break bonds between fatty acids and glycerol (hydrolysis) 2. GLYCEROL + GLYCEROL --> GLUCOSE --> run through all reactions |
|
|
GLYCOLYSIS
|
(remember only ½ products of a glucose for each glycerol!)
-in cytoplasm of cells if O2 is present/not present ½ GLUCOSE ----> PYRUVIC ACID + ATP + NADH -AEROBIC RESPIRATION: O2 is present PYRUVIC ACID --> ACoA + CO2 + NADH |
|
|
KREB’S CYCLE
|
in the mitochondrion, O2 present
ACoA --> 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH + ATP |
|
|
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
|
: in mito., O2 present
5 NADH + FADH + O2 ---> H2O + 16-17 ATP so ½ glucose yields: H2O + CO2 + 18-19 ATP 3. BETA OXIDATION: converts fatty acid into form to fit into cellular respiration reactions. 1 FATTY ACID --> ACoA --> enter Kreb’s cycle |
|
|
KREB’S CYCLE
|
in the mitochondrion, O2 present
ACoA --> 2 CO2 + 3 NADH + FADH + ATP |
|
|
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
|
in mitochondria, O2 present
3 NADH + FADH + O2 ---> H2O + 10-11 ATP so 1 fatty acid yields approximately 11-12 ATP and there are 3 Fatty acids per Triglyceride so 3 fatty acids yield 33 - 36 ATP 4. 1 triglyceride will approximately yield 18 ATP + 33 ATP= 51 ATP |
