• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/24

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Identify routes of fluid loss form the body.
The major routes of fluid loss are urination, evaporation at the skin, evaporation at the lungs, and water loss in feces.
Describe a fluid shift.
A fluid shift is a rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of plasma.
Dehydration is a reduction in the water content of the body that develops when water losses outpace water gains. In dehydration, the osmotic concentration of plasma increases.
Define mineral balance.
Mineral balance is the state of the body in which ion gains and losses are equal.
Identify the significance of two important body minerals: sodium and calcium.
Sodium is a major cation that is essential for normal membrane function; calcium is a cation that is essential for normal muscle and neuron function and for normal bone structure.
Identify the ions absorbed by active transport.
The ions absorbed by active transport are sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphate, and sulfate.
What effect does inhibition of osmo-receptors have on ADH secretion and thirst?
When osmoreceptors are inhibited, ADH release is decreased, and thirst is suppressed.
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF?
Aldosterone causes increased urinary sodium retention and thus increases the sodium ion concentration in the ECF.
Briefly summarize the relationship between sodium ion concentration in the ECF?
Shift in sodium balance result in expansion or contraction of the ECF. Large variations in ECF volume are corrected by homeostatic mechanisms triggered by changes in blood volume. If the blood volume becomes too low, ADH and aldosterone are secreted, increasing the sodium ion concentration in the ECF; if the volume becomes too high, natriuretic peptides are secreted.
Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.
Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by plasma K⁺ levels below 3.5 mEq/L; hyperkalemia is a conditio characterized by plasma K⁺ levels above 5.5 mEq/L.
What organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration of the ECF?
The kidneys are responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration of the ECF.
Identify factors that cause potassium excretion.
Potassium excretion increases as potassium concentrations rise in the ECF, under aldosterone stimulation, and when the ECF pH rises.
Define acidemia and alkalemia.
Acidemia is a condition in which plasma pH falls below 7.35; alkalemia exists when the plasma pH is above 7.45.
What is the most important factor affecting the pH of the ECF?
The dissociation of carbonic acid is the most important factor affecting the pH of the ECF.
Summarize the relationship between CO₂ levels and pH.
An inverse relationship exists between pH and CO₂ levels.
Identify the body's three major buffer systems.
The body's three major buffer systems are the protein buffer system, the carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system, and the phosphate buffer system.
Describe the body's carbonic acid-bicarbonate suffer system.
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system prevents pH changes caused by organic acids and fixed acids generated by metabolic activity. It uses the H⁺ released by these acids to generate carbonic acid, which dissociates into H₂O and CO₂, the latter of which is exhaled from the lungs.
Describe the roles of the phosphate buffer system.
The phosphate buffer system plays an important role in buffering the pH of the ICF and the urine.
Describe metabolic acidosis.
Metabolic acidosis results from the depletion of the bicarbonate reserve, caused by an inability to excrete hydrogen ions at the kidneys, the production of large numbers of fixed and organic acids, or bicarbonate loss.
Describe metabolic alkalosis.
Metabolic alkalosis results when bicarbonate ion concentration becomes elevated.
If the kidneys are conserving HCO₃⁻ and eliminating H⁺ in acidic urine, which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis?
The kidneys conserve HCO₃⁻ and eliminate H⁺ in the urine during metabolic acidosis.
Define respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis.
Respiratory acidosis is lowered blood pH resulting from inadequate respiratory activity and is characterized by elevated levels of carbon dioxide; respiratory alkalosis is elevated blood pH due to excessive respiratory activity which depresses carbon dioxide levels and elevates the pH of body fluids.
What would happen to the plasma Pco2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction?
The plasma Pco2 of a patient with an airway obstruction would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis.
How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate?
A decrease in the pH of body fluids wold cause an increase in the respiratory rate.