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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Respiration
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includes four components;
ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs; gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood; transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood; gas exchange between the blood and the tissues |
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List five functions of the respiratory system.
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1) Gas exchange
2) Regulation of blood pH 3) Voice production 4) Olfaction 5) Protection |
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Upper respiratory tract
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refers to the nose, pharynx, and associated structures
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Lower respiratory tract
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refers to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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Nose (nasus)
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consists of the external nose and the nasal cavity
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External nose
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the visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face
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Nasal cavity
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part of the nose that extends from the nares to the choanae
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Nares
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the external openings of the nasal cavity
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Choanae
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the openings of the nasal cavity into the pharynx
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Vestibule
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the anterior part of the nasal cavity, just inside each naris
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Hard palate
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a bony plate covered by a mucous membrane that forms the floor of the nasal cavity; separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
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Nasal septum
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a partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts;
anterior part is made of cartilage and the posterior part is composed of the vomer bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone |
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Conchae
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bony ridges that modify the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, beneath each lies a meatus
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Meatus
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passageways that lie beneath each conchus;
openings from the paranasal sinuses open into the superior and middle meatus; openings from the nasolacrimal duct open into the the inferior meatus |
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List the main funcitons of the nasal cavity.
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exists as a passageway for air that's open even when the mouth is full of food;
cleans the air, the vestibule is lined with hairs that trap large particles of dust; humidifies and warms the air; the olfactory epithelium is located in the most superior part of the nasal cavity; the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are resonating chambers for speech |
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Pharynx
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the common opening of both the digestive and respiratory tracts;
divided into three regions, the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx |
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Nasopharynx
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located posterior to the choanaeand superior to the soft palate
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Soft palate
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an incomplete muscle and and connective tissue partition separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx; prevents swallowed materials from entering the nasopharynx and nasal cavity
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Uvula
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the posterior extension of the soft palate
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Oropharynx
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region of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis
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Fauces
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the opening from the oral cavity into the oropharynx
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Laryngopharynx
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region of the pharynx that extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus and passes posterior to the larynx
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Larynx
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located in the anterior part of the throat; connected by membranes and/or muscles superiorly to the hyoid bone and inferiorly to the trachea; consists of an outer casing of nine cartilages that are connected to one another by muscles and ligaments
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Name the three unpaired cartilages and six paired cartilages that form the larynx.
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Unpaired:
thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis Paired: arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform |
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Glottis
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the vocal folds and the opening between them
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Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
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these come together to prevent food and liquids from entering the larynx during swallowing and prevent air from leaving the lungs, as when a person holds their breath
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Vocal folds (true vocal cords)
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a mucous membrane the covers the inferior laryngeal ligaments and makes noise as air is forced through the glottis
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List the three important functions of the larynx.
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the thyroid and cricoid cartilages maintain an open passageway for air movement;
the epiglottis and vestibular folds prevent swallowed material from moving into the larynx; the vocal folds are the primary source of sound production |
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Trachea
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also known as the windpipe;
a membranous tube that consists of dense regular connective tissue and smooth muscle reinforced with 15-20 C-shaped pieces of cartilage that support the trachea and maintain an open airway |
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Trachealis muscle
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bundles of smooth muscle that lie on the non-cartilagenous side of the trachea and when contracted, can decrease the diameter of the trachea;
contracted when coughing to try and expel particles through the quicker movement of air through the smaller opening |
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Carina
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a ridge that separates the openings into the main bronchi; formed by the most inferior tracheal cartilage
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Primary bronchi
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two smaller tubes into which the trachea divides, each of which extends to a lung
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Tracheobronchial tree
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all the respiratory passageways from the trachea onward; can be divided into the conducting and the respiratory zone based on function
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Conducting zone
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extends from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles; about 16 generations of branching occur; funcitons as a passageway for air movement and contains epithelial tissue (pseudostratiried ciliated columnar epithelium) that helps to remove debris from the air and to move it out of the tracheobroncial tree
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Lobar (secondary) bronchi
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primary bronchi give rise to secondary bronchi; two secondary bronchi in the left lung, three in the right lung
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Segmented (tertiary) bronchi
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secondary bronchi give rise to numerous tertiary bronchi, which gives rise to bronchioles
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Bronchiole
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one of the finer subdivisions of the bronchial tubes, less than 1mm in diameter; has no cartilage in its wall, but does have relatively more smooth muscle and elastic fibers
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Respiratory zone
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extends from the termainl bronchioles to the alveoli; contains about 7 generations of branching; sites of gas exchnage between the air and lungs
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Alveolar duct
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part of the respiratory passages beyond the respiratory bronchioles; from it arise alveolar sacs and alveoli
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Alveolar sac
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two or more alveoli that share a common opening
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Passageway of air from outside the body to the blood
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Mouth - trachea - main bronchi - lobar bronchi - segmented bronchi - bronchiole - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole - alveolar duct - alveolar sac/alveoli
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Type I pneumocytes
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one of two types of cells that form the alveolar walls; thin, squamous epithelial cells that form 90% of the alveolar surface; cells through which most gas exchange occurs
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Type II pneumocytes
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one of two types of cells that form the alveolar walls; round or cube-shaped secretory cells that produce surfactant, which makes it easier for alveoli to expand during inspiration
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Respiratory membrane
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the location in the lungs where gas exchange occurs; primarily formed by alveolar walls and surroudning pulmonary capillaries; it contains:
1. a thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus 2. alveolar epithelium composed of simple squamous epithelium 3. basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium 4. a thin interstitial space 5. the basement membrane of the capillary endothelium 6. capillary endothelium composed of simple squamous epithelium |
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Lungs
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principle organs of respiration; among the largest organs of the body
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Hilium
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a region on the medial surface of the lung, where structures, such as the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lung; area also referred to as "the root of the lung"
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Lobes
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right lung has three lobes, the left lung has two; lobes are separated by deep, prominent fissures on the surface of the lung; and each is supplied by a lobar bronchus
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Bronchopulmonary segments
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lobar subdivisions which are supplied by the segmental bronchi; nine are present in the left lung, ten in the right lung
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Lobules
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Bronchopulmonary segments are divided into lobules by incomplete connective tissue walls
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