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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a localized group of individuals belonging to the same species?
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Population
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What are all the organisms that inhabit a particular area and an assemblage of populations of diff species, living close enough for potential interaction
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Community
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group of populations of individuals who have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
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Species
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has same phenotype from both parents
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homozygous
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different phenotype from parents
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heterozygous
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What is it when all the members of a population are homozygous for the same allele in the gene?
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fixed gene
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extensive genetic variation within populations and recognizes the importance of quantitative characters
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population genetics
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total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time?
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Gene pool
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Theory of evolution emphasizing natural selection, gradualism, and populations as the fundamental units of evolutionary change.
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Modern synthesis
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frequency a phenotype appears in a population
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phenotypic frequency
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frequency at which a genotype appears in a population
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genotypic frequency
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frequency at which an allele is present in a population
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allelic frequency
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A group of interbreeding individuals belonging to a particular species and sharing a common geographic area
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population
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The smallest unit that can evolve is a
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population
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consequence of interaction between an individual and its environment
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natural selection
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_______ is the change in frequency of a particular allele from one generation to the next
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microevolution
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Unequal survivability of animals is also known as
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natural selection
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Natural selection can only operate on alleles that have _________ in the population
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variability
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Natural selection can ________ or ______ heritable characteristics
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amplify, diminish
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Natural selection cannot work on
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fixed allels
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Genetic variability in a population can be measured by calculating the
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average heterozygosity
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There are ____ sources of variation
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four
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Organisms can adapt to changes in their environment, but changes are not passed on to
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children
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Natural selection cannot alter changes that happen because of the
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environment
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An example of microevolution on the Galapagos is
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the average beak depth as it oscillated with rainfall
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P is used to represent the
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dominant allele frequency
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Q is used to represent the
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recessive allel frequency
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Hardy Weinberg population is one that is
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stable
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WHat are the five conditions for a hardy weinberg population?
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Large population
Mating is random No selection is operating Closed Population No mutations |
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If a population is random, what is it not?
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Hardy weinberg population
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What are the five factors that cause microevolution?
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Small population
Non isolation from other populatiosn Mutations that will change frequencies but very little Non random matings Natural selection |
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What are the 1-4 factors of microevolution called?
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non-adaptive causes
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When you have a small population, what do you lose?
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Alleles
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If you violate Hardy-Weinberg laws, what do you cause?
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Microevolution.
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Genetic drift can occur because of a
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sampling error
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Gene fixation within a ________ populations is possible
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few
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What are the two specific types of genetic drift?
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Bottleneck effect, founder effect
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The bottleneck effect cuts down ______ and is usually a ______
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population, disasters
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NOrthern Elephant seals went from a population of ______ to _______, ___ loci are fixed
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20, 127000, 24
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The __________ are more alike than labratory grown pure strain mice
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South african cheetah
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Humans were affected by which factor of microevolution?
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Bottleneck
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What is the founder effect?
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Few individuals colonize an area, not rep. of the original population
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On tristanda Cunha, what has happened due to the founder effect?
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Retinitis pigmentosa
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Genetic drift means
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sampling error
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Retinitis pigmentosa means that there is
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damage to the pigments in the retina
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in 1814 on Tristanda Cunha, how many people colonized?
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15
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RP is _____ times more common in Tristanda.
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50-150
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Tristanda people also have
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asthma
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Where was the island that spoke by hand?
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Marth's Vineyard
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Polydactyly/Dwarfism became prominent in the
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Amish of Pennsylvania
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Who originated the amish colony in pennsylvania?
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Samuel King, 1744
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When there is not a closed population, what will happen?
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Gene flow will change frequencies
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Gene flow conteracts what?
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Genetic drift
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Gene flow is a product of
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non-isolated populations
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______ will change frequencies but only by a little
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Mutation
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Commonly, 1 in every _____ gamete is altered
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10^5 or 10^6
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______ are the source of genetic variation and it takes time to show
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Mutations
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_____ is the most extreme case of non random mating
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self fertilization
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____ mating is when one mates with others like youself in order to promote the homozygous genes over the heterozygous ones
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Assortive
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_____ makes the population better fit for the environment
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Natural selection
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What does a stabilizing selection do?
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acts against the extreme phenotype
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_____ selection reduces the variety of phenotypes in a population
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Stabilizing
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Extremem genotypes have a lower
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darwinian or relative fitness
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Genetic variation are the
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differences among individulas in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
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Discrete charcters are determined by
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a single gene locus with different alleles
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Quantitative characters vary
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along a continuum within a population
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Quantitative characters are determined by
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several genes
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Average heterozygosity is the
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average percentage of loci that are heterozygous
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The drosophila is average heterozygosity is
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1,920 out of 13,700
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Geographic variation is the
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differences in the genetic composition of separate populations
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What is a graded change in a character along a geographic axis?
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Cline
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What is the selection that shifts the frequency to one end of the other?
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Directional Selection
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_____ selection is most common when an environment changes
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Directional
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Biston Betularia exemplifies _________ selection
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Directional
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The drought finches showed ______ selection
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Directional
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A lower Darwinian factor means the organism has a ____ chance of surviving
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lower
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In a _____ selection, the genotypes are stabilized as the heterozygous are selected for and the extremes are diminished
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Stabilizing
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Disruptive selection is also called
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diversifying selection
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______ selection favors individuals of both ends of the phenotype spectrum
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Diversifying
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An example of a disruptive selection is the
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black bellied seed crackers
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______ is adaptive
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natural selection
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_____ condition offers protection from harmful recessives
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Diploid
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There are ___ forces that promote variety
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four
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What is it when selection favros multiple morphs in a population?
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Balance Polymorphisms
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What are the four forces that promote variety?
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Hybrid vigour, diverse environmental colors, frequency dependent selection, neutral varitaion
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What is hybrid vigor?
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Heterozygous advantage that allows cross breeding
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What is an example of diverse environmental colors?
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Garter snake population
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What is frequency dependent selection?
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REproductive success of any one morph declines if that phenotupic form becomes too common
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What is when a species has lot of appearences and shapes and adapt the color of poisonous animals?
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Frequency Dependent selection
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What do the female African swallowtail butterflies display?
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Other various poisonous species, frequency dependent selection
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What do the eastern coral snake and scarlet king snake have in common?
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Same color scheme, frequency dependent selection
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What is Batesian mimicry?
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When a species looks like the poisonous alternate but are not; only some in the population are able to do this in order to survive
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What is Mullerian mimicry?
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When 2 or more species are poisonous and have evolved similar colors/warnings and signs/behaviors
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What is neutral variation?
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Variation that can change designation if environment changes
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What leads to sexual dimorphism?
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Sexual selection
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What is competition between memebers of the same sex to establish superiority called?
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intrasexual selection
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Intersexual selection is what?
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Mate choice
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Which selection leads to secondary sexual characteristics?
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Intersexual selection
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______ selection can lead to "run away" behaviors that are not healthy or beneficial
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intersexual
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What selection is the ram, sea lion, lion, deer, song birds part of?
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Intrasexual
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What selection are the peacocks, bower birds, and whydah birds part of?
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Intersexual
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What selection does the irish elk show>?
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Intersexual
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An example of heterozygote advantage is
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sickle cell anemia
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What are the three mating patterns?
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Monogamy, polygyny, polyandry
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______ species usually have little sexual dimorphism
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Monogamous
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______ percent of monogamous species are birds
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90
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Monogamous speices usually have offspring that are what?
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Altricial
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What does altricial mean?
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need a lot of care
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WHat is polygyny?
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One male with more than one female
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Polygyny is sometimes called the _____ construct
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harem
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Offspring to polygyny species are usually
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precocial
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precocial means
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born able to semi take care of themselves
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The most common mating pattern is
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polygyny
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What is polyandry mating?
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one female with multiple males
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WHat is the rarest of the three mating patterns?
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Polyandry
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What are some species that go through polyandry mating?
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red winged blackbirds, warblers
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Why would species be polyandrogenous?
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genetic variety, healthy babies, safety of nest, protection
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Species litterally means
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kind or appearance
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Biological species concept does not work with
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asexual reproduction, fossils
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Who theorized the Biological species concept?
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Ernst Mayr
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What is the biological species concept?
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A population or group of populations whose members can breed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species
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What is the largest unit of population in which genetic exchange is possible?
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species
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What are prezygotic barriers?
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barriers that impede mating between species or hinder fertilization of ova
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What is it when different habitats within the same area rarely meet?
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Habitat isolation.
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What is behavioral isolation?
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Special signals, pheromones, songs, and rituals that are specific to an individual group.
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What is it called when organisms breed during different times of the day, seasons, or even years?
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Temporal isolation
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What is it called when the parts don't fit?
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Mechanical isolation
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What is gametic isolation?
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Gamestes get together, still not working
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WHat are some postzygotic barriers?
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reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown,
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WHat is it when there is genetic incompatibility during embryogenesis?
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Reduced hybrid viability
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If a fetus does survive even with reduced hybrid vitality, what will happen to them?
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Die soon
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What is reduced hybrid fertility?
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When the offspring is fertile
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What is hybrid breakdown?
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When generation hybrids are viable and fertile, cross breed with themselves, and offspring are frail and infertile
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When does Biological species concept not work?
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extinct species, asexually reproducing organisms, coyotes dogs wolves, deer mouse
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Most taxonomic designations are based on _____ features rather than testing reproductive isolation
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physical
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What is it when a geographic barrier physicaly isolates populations, blocks gene flow, and allows for mutations in each population?
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Allopatric speciation
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What is it when populations become genetically isolated from each other even though they are living in the same area?
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Sympatric speciation
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What is an example of sympatric speciation that leads to polyploidy?
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Chromosomal accidents, non disjunction, no longer mate with others
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What is a polyploidy cell?
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One with an extra set of chromosomes
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What does it mean when someone is trisomy for chromosome 21?
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They are three versions of the chromosome, downsyndrome
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What is autopolyploidy?
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self fertilization following a nondijunction error
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What is alloploidy?
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two different species mate and the offspring are usually infertile but may reproduce a sexually after that
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What are the three types of sympatric speciation?
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poly, auto, allo
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Some biologists believe that the tempo of evolution works in ____ and _____
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spurts, starts
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Some biologists say changes continue to occur but may not be resulting in changes that would show up in _______
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fossil record
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There is a ____% DNA difference between monkeys and humans
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1.5
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What type of elephant seals have a lot of variation?
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Southern
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What's up with the Nene birds?
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Little genetic variation
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What happened about 73,000 bce?
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Mt Toba erupted, largest volcanic eruption in past 2 mil years, 1000-3000 breeding pairs possible
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What is an example of stabilizing selection?
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HUman birth weight
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What is an example of directional selection?
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Biston Betularia, finches
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WHat is an example of diversifying selection?
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Black bellied seed crackers
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What is a species that shows frequency dependent selection?
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African swallowtail butterfly
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What snake shows frequency dependent selection?
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Scarlet King Snake
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What are species that show mullerian mimicry?
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Monarch and viceroy butterfly
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What birds make an arch in order to attract females?
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Bower birds
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What is an example of habitat isolation?
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Garter snakes and parasites
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What are examples of behavioral isolation?
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fireflies, pheromones, western meadowlarks
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What are examples of temporal isoaltion?
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Western spotted skink and eastern spotted skunk, wild orchid dendrobium
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What is an example of mechanical isolation?
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Certain flowers can only be pollinated by specific insects
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What is an example of gametic isolation?
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inernal environment of female may kill sperm
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By 1993, what was the hatching rate of Prairie Chicken eggs?
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<50%
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What is realtive fitness?
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the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other indviduals
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What are the three factors that change allergic frequency?
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Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
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What is average heterozygosity?
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Average percent of loci that are heterozygous
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What are the four soures of genetic variation?
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Formation of new alleles, altering gne number,nrapid reproduction,sexual reproduction
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