Chapter 23 Digestive System

Front 1

NAME
this system takes in food, breaks down nutrient molecules, absorbs those molecules into the blood and then rids the body of the indigestible remains

Back 1

digestive system

Front 2

What are the two main groups of the digestive system? (2)

Back 2

(1)those of the alimentary canal (2)accessary digestive organs

Front 3

NAME
is made up of two groups of organs: those of the alimentary canal and the accessary digestive organs

Back 3

Digestive system

Front 4

The alimentary canal is also called the (1)

Back 4

GI tract

Front 5

the (1) is also called the GI tract

Back 5

alimentary canal

Front 6

What does the GI tract stand for?

Back 6

the gastrointestinal tract

Front 7

What is the GI tract?

Back 7

is the continous muscular digestive tube that winds through the body

Front 8

NAME
is the continous muscular digestive tube that winds through the body

Back 8

GI tract

Front 9

What does digests mean?

Back 9

to break down into smaller fragmetns

Front 10

NAME
means to break down into smaller fragments

Back 10

digests

Front 11

NAM
means that the digested fragments through the GI tract lining into the blood

Back 11

absorbs

Front 12

What does absorbs mean?

Back 12

means that the digested fragments through the GI tract lining into the blood

Front 13

What are the organs of the alimentary canal? (6)

Back 13

(1)mouth (2)phanaryx (3)esophagus (4)stomach (5)small intestine (6)large intestine

Front 14

NAME
this includes the mouth, phanaryx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines

Back 14

alimentary canal

Front 15

the (1) leads to the anus

Back 15

large intestines

Front 16

What are the accessary digestive organs?

Back 16

(1)teeth (2)tongue (3)gallbladder (4)salivary glands (5)liver (6)pancreas

Front 17

NAME
includes the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

Back 17

accessary digestive glands

Front 18

the digestive system is often times viewed as one big (1)

Back 18

disassembly line

Front 19

The (1) is often viewed as one big diassembly line

Back 19

digestive system

Front 20

What are (6) essential activites of the digestive system?

Back 20

(1)ingestion (2)propulsion (3)mechancial digestion (4)chemical digestion (5)absorption (6)defecation

Front 21

What is ingestion?

Back 21

taking food into the mouth

Front 22

NAME
is taking food into mouth

Back 22

ingestion

Front 23

NAME
it's essential activites are ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defacation

Back 23

ingestion

Front 24

What is propulsion?

Back 24

includes swallowing and peristalsis

Front 25

NAME
includes swallowing and peristalsis

Back 25

propulsion

Front 26

NAME
are major means of propulsion, involves alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

Back 26

peristalis

Front 27

What is mechanical digestion?

Back 27

is the physcial preparation of food for chemical digestion by enzymes

Front 28

NAME
is the physical preparation of food for chemical digestion by enzymes

Back 28

mechanical digestion

Front 29

What is segmentation?

Back 29

are rhythamic local constriction s of the intestine

Front 30

NAME
are rhytamic local constriction of the intestine

Back 30

segmentation

Front 31

What can segmentation do?(2)

Back 31

(1)mixes food w digestive juices (2)increases the efficiency of absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall

Front 32

NAME
this mixes the food w digestive juices and increases the efficiency of absorption by repeatedly moving different parts of the food mass over the intestinal wall

Back 32

segmentation

Front 33

What is chemical digestion?

Back 33

is a series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down in thier chemical building blocks by enzyme secreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal

Front 34

NAME
is a series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down into thier chemical building blocks by enzymes secreted into the lumen of the alimentary canal

Back 34

chemical digestion

Front 35

What is defacation?

Back 35

elimination of ingestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of fesus

Front 36

NAME
is the elimination of ingestible substnaces from the body via the anus in the form of fesus

Back 36

defacation

Front 37

NAME
only this ingests things

Back 37

mouth

Front 38

NAME
only this defecates

Back 38

large intestine

Front 39

What provokes digestive activity? (2)

Back 39

a range of mechanical and chemical stimuli

Front 40

NAME
this is provoked by a range of mechanical and chemical stimuli

Back 40

digestive activity

Front 41

Controls of the digestive activity are both (1) and (2)

Back 41

(1)extrinsic (2)intrinsic

Front 42

Controls of the (1) are both extrinsic and intrinsic

Back 42

digestive activity

Front 43

What are two kinds of reflex activity occur?

Back 43

(1)short and long reflexes

Front 44

What are short reflexes?

Back 44

are mediated entirely by the local plexuses in response to the GI tract stimuli

Front 45

NAME
are mediated entirely by the local plexuses in response to the GI tract

Back 45

short reflexes

Front 46

WHat are long reflexes?

Back 46

are intibiated by stimuli arising inside and outside of the GI tract

Front 47

NAMe
are intiated by stimuli arising inside and outside of the GI tract and involve CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves

Back 47

long reflexes

Front 48

Most digestive organ reside in the (1)

Back 48

abdominopelvic cavity

Front 49

T or F
most of the digestive organs reside in the abdominopelivic cavity

Back 49

true

Front 50

T or F
All ventral body cavites contain slippary serous membranes

Back 50

true

Front 51

All ventral body cavites contain slippary (1)

Back 51

serous membranes

Front 52

What is the peritoneum?

Back 52

refers to the serous membran of the ventral cavity

Front 53

NAME
is the serous membrane of the ventral cavity

Back 53

peritoneum

Front 54

What are the (2) types of peritoneum?

Back 54

(1)viscreal (2)parietal

Front 55

What is the viscreal peritoneum?

Back 55

covers the external surfaces of the most digestive organs

Front 56

NAME
this covers the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs

Back 56

viscreal peritoneum

Front 57

What is the parietal peritoneum?

Back 57

lines the body walls

Front 58

NAME
this lines the body walls

Back 58

parietal peritoneum

Front 59

What is the differ btwn the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum?

Back 59

(1)parietal peritoneum-covers the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs (2)visceral peritoneum--that lines the body wall

Front 60

Btwn the partial and visceral peritoneum is the (1)

Back 60

pertioneal cavity

Front 61

Btwn the (1) and (2) is the pertioneal cavity

Back 61

(1)partial (2)visceral

Front 62

What is the pertioneal cavity?

Back 62

is a slitlike potential space containing fluid secreted by the serous membranes

Front 63

NAME
is a slitlike potential space containing fluid secreted by the serous membranes

Back 63

peritoneal cavity

Front 64

What does the serous fluid do for the digestive organs?

Back 64

lubricates the mobile digestive organs allowing them to gluide easily across one another and alongs the body wall as they carry out their digestive activies

Front 65

NAME
this lubricates the mobile digestive organs allowing them to gluide easily across one another and along the body wall as they carry out thier digestive activites

Back 65

serous fluid

Front 66

What is mesentary?

Back 66

is a double layer of peritoneum

Front 67

NAME
is a double layer of peritoneum

Back 67

mesentary

Front 68

NAME
this provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to digestive viscrea, hold organs in place, and store fat

Back 68

mesentary

Front 69

What does the mesentary do? (3)

Back 69

(1)provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves digestive viscrea (2)hold organs in place (3)store fat

Front 70

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

Back 70

are the alimentary organs that are not suspended by a mesentary

Front 71

NAME
are the alimentary organs that are not supended by a mesentary

Back 71

retroperitoneal organs

Front 72

What are the peritoneal organs?

Back 72

are alimentary organs that are suspended in the mysentry and remain in the peritoneal cavity

Front 73

NAME
are alimentary organs that are suspended in the mysentry and remain in the peritoneal cavity

Back 73

peritoneal organs

Front 74

What are the peritoneal organs? Give examples

Back 74

(1)stomach

Front 75

The stomach is a example of a (1) organ

Back 75

peritoneal

Front 76

What are some examples of the retroperitoneal organs?

Back 76

(1)the large intestine (2)most parts of the pancreas

Front 77

NAME
The large intestines and most parts of the pancreas are examples of this type of organ

Back 77

retroperitoneal

Front 78

Intraperitoneal organs are also called (1)

Back 78

peritoneal organs

Front 79

(1)organs are also called peritoneal organs

Back 79

intraperitoneal organs

Front 80

What is peritonitis?

Back 80

inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 81

NAME
is the inflammation of the peritoneum

Back 81

peritonitis

Front 82

What can cause peritonitis?

Back 82

a peircing of an abdominal wound (2)from a perforating ulcer that leaks stomach juices into the paeritoneal cavity (3)appenditis

Front 83

NAME
this can be caused by a peircing of an abdominal wound, from a perforating ulcer that leaks stomach juices into the peritoneal cavity, and appednitis

Back 83

peritonitis

Front 84

What are the four layers from the esphagus to the anal canal? (4)

Back 84

(1)mucosa (2)submucosa (3)muscularis externa (4)serosa

Front 85

NAME
has four layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Back 85

the four layers from the esophagus to the anal canal

Front 86

The mucosa is also called the (1)

Back 86

mucous membrane

Front 87

(1) is also called the mucous membrane

Back 87

mucosa

Front 88

What is the mucosa?

Back 88

is the inner most layers consisting of a moist epihelial membrane that lines the alimentary canal lumen from the mouth to the anus

Front 89

NAME
is the inner most layer consisting of a moist epithelial membrane that lines the alimentary canal lumen from the mouth to the anus

Back 89

mucosa

Front 90

what are the (3) major functions of the mucosa layer?

Back 90

(1)secretion of mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones (2)absorption of the end products of digestion into the blood (3)protection against infectious disease

Front 91

NAME
this layers major functions include secretion of mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones, absorption of the end products of digestion into the blood, and protection against infectious disease

Back 91

the mucosa layer

Front 92

What are the (3) sublayers of the mucosa layer?

Back 92

(1)a lining epithelium (2)lamina propia (3)muscularis mucosae

Front 93

NAME
consists of three sublayers: a lining epithelium, lamina propia, and a muscularis mucosae

Back 93

the sublayers of the mucosa

Front 94

What type of tissues does the epihtelium layer have?

Back 94

has simple columnar rich in mucus-secreting Goblet cells

Front 95

NAME
this sublayer of the digestive system has simple columnar rich in mucus-secreting Goblet cells

Back 95

epithelium layer

Front 96

What does the mucous produced by the Goblet cells do?

Back 96

helps to prevent certain digesive organs from being digested by enzymes

Front 97

NAME
this helps to prevent certain digestive organs from being digested by enzymes

Back 97

mucous produced by goblet cells in the epithelium layer

Front 98

What kind of tissue does the lamnia propia have?

Back 98

loose areolar connective tissue

Front 99

NAME
this sublayer in the digestive system is made up of loose areolar connective tissue

Back 99

lamina propia

Front 100

What does MALT stand for?

Back 100

the mucosa associated lampthtic tissue

Front 101

Describe the lamina propia?

Back 101

(1)its capillaries noursish the epithelium and absorb digest nutrients (2)its assocaited nodules, part of the MALT helps to defend us against bacteria and other pathagens

Front 102

NAME
this layer's capillaries nourish the epithelium and absorb digest nutrients, and its asssociated nodules, part of the MALT helps to defend us against bacteria

Back 102

lamina propia

Front 103

What is the muscularis mucosae?

Back 103

is a scant layer of smooth muscle cells that produces local movements of the mucosa

Front 104

NAME
is a scant layer of smooth mucles cells that produces local movements of the mucosa

Back 104

muscularis mucosae

Front 105

NAME
a example of this sublayer is the twitching of this muscle layer dislodges food particles that have adhered to the mucosa

Back 105

muscularis mucosae

Front 106

What type of tissue does the submucosa have?

Back 106

dense connective tissue

Front 107

NAME
this tissue is just external to the mucosa

Back 107

submucosa

Front 108

Where is the submucosa in relation to the other two layers?

Back 108

is external to the mucosa

Front 109

What is the submucosa?

Back 109

is a moderatley dense connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, lympathoid folliceles, and nerve fibers

Front 110

NAME
is a moderately dense connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, lympathoid follicles, and nerve fibers

Back 110

submucosa

Front 111

What enables the submucosa in the stomach regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal

Back 111

its supply of elastic fibers

Front 112

The elastic fibers of the submucosa enables the stomach to (1)

Back 112

regain its normal shape after temporarily storing a large meal

Front 113

The (1) of the submucosa in the stomach enable it to regain its nromal shape temorparily after storing a large meal

Back 113

elastic fibers

Front 114

(1) is also called the muscularis

Back 114

muscularis externa

Front 115

the muscularis externa is also called the (1)

Back 115

muscularis

Front 116

What is the function of the muscularis? (2)

Back 116

it is responisble for segmentation and peristalsis

Front 117

NAME
is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

Back 117

muscularis externa

Front 118

What type tissues doe the muscualris externa have?

Back 118

the inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells

Front 119

NAME
this layer consists of a inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells

Back 119

muscularis externa

Front 120

NAME LAYER
in several places along the tract, the circular layer thickens, forming sphinceters that act as valves to prevent backflow and control of food passage from one organ ot the next

Back 120

muscularis externa

Front 121

What is the serosa?

Back 121

is the protective outermost layer of the intarperitoneal organs

Front 122

NAME
is the protective outermost layer of the intareperitoneal organs

Back 122

serosa

Front 123

What is the serosa really?

Back 123

the vesceral peritoneum

Front 124

NAME
this is really refers to / is the vesceral peritoneum

Back 124

serosa

Front 125

What type of tissue does the serosa have?

Back 125

areolar connective tissue covered w a single layer of squamous epihelia

Front 126

NAME
this layer has areolar connective tissue covered w single layer of squamous epithlia

Back 126

serosa

Front 127

What is the adventitia?

Back 127

is ordinary fibrous connective tissue that binds the esophagus to the surranding structures

Front 128

NAME
is ordinary fibrous connective tissue that binds the esophagus to the surranding structures

Back 128

adventita

Front 129

What kind of tissue does the adventita have?

Back 129

is ordinary fibrous connective tissue

Front 130

The mouth is the only part of the alimentary canal that is inolved in (1)

Back 130

ingestion

Front 131

NAME
this is the only part of the alimentary canal involved in ingestion

Back 131

the mouth

Front 132

NAME
contains the releated accessary glands such as the teeth, salivary glands, and tongue

Back 132

mouth

Front 133

What does the saliva do in the mouth?

Back 133

has enzymes that begin the process of chemical digestion

Front 134

The (1) begins the propulsion process of swallowing which carries food through the pharnyx and esophagus to the stomach

Back 134

tongue

Front 135

the tongue begins the (1)process of swallowing which carries good through the pharanyx and esophagus to the stomach

Back 135

propulsion

Front 136

The mouth is also called the (1) or (2)

Back 136

(1)oral cavity (2)buccal cavity

Front 137

The (1) is also called the oral cavity or buccal cavity

Back 137

mouth

Front 138

THe mouth is also called the (1) or buccal cavity

Back 138

oral cavity

Front 139

The mouth is also called the oral cavity or (2)

Back 139

buccal cavity

Front 140

What is the mouth?

Back 140

is a mucosa lined cavity

Front 141

NAME
is a mucosa lined cavity

Back 141

mouth

Front 142

The anterior opening of the mouth is called the (1)

Back 142

oral orfice

Front 143

What is the oral orfice?

Back 143

the anterior opening of the mouth

Front 144

The oral cavity is continous w the (1)

Back 144

oropharnynx

Front 145

The (1) is continous w the oropharnyx

Back 145

oral cavity

Front 146

What kind of tissues lines the walls of the mouth? and what does it help to do?

Back 146

it is lined w startifed squamous eptihleium which can with stand considerable friction

Front 147

NAME
this is lined w startified squamous epithleium that can with stand considerable friction

Back 147

the walls of the mouth

Front 148

The tongue is slightly (1) for extra protection against abrasion during eating

Back 148

kerantinized

Front 149

NAME
this slightly keratnized for extra protection against abrasion during eating

Back 149

tongue

Front 150

Why is the tongue slightly kerantized?

Back 150

for extra protection against abrasion during eating

Front 151

How does the oral mucosa respond to injury?

Back 151

by producing antimicrobal peptides called defensins

Front 152

What are defensins?

Back 152

are antimicrobal peptides that are produced in response to injury

Front 153

NAME
are antimicrobal peptides that are produced in response to injury

Back 153

defensins

Front 154

What kind of tissues does the lips and cheeks have?

Back 154

core of skeletal muscles covered externally covered by skin

Front 155

NAME
has a core of skeletal muscles covered externally covered by skin

Back 155

lips and cheeks

Front 156

What muscle forms the lips?

Back 156

orbicularis oris

Front 157

What is the orbicularis oris?

Back 157

is the muscles that forms the lips

Front 158

NAME
is the muscles that forms the cheeks

Back 158

the bucinators

Front 159

what is the bucinator?

Back 159

is the muscle that forms the cheeks

Front 160

What do the lips and cheeks do?

Back 160

help keep food btwn the teeth when we chew and play a small role in speech

Front 161

NAME
these help to keep food btwn the teeth when we chew and play a small role in speech

Back 161

lips and cheeks

Front 162

What is vetibule?

Back 162

is the recess bounded externally by the lips and cheeks internally by the gums and teeh

Front 163

NAME
is the recess bounded externally by the lips and cheeks internally by the gums and teeth

Back 163

vestible

Front 164

What is the oral cavity proper?

Back 164

is the area that lies within the teeth and gums

Front 165

NAME
is the area that lies within the teeth and gum

Back 165

oral cavity proper

Front 166

What is the red margin?

Back 166

is the reddened area where one applies lipstick or lands a kiss

Front 167

NAME
is the reddened area where one applies lipstick or lands a kiss

Back 167

red margin

Front 168

Why does the red margin appear red?

Back 168

bc this transtional zone is poorly keratinized skin and transuluscent allowing the red color of blood in the underlying capillaries to show through

Front 169

What is the labial frenulum?

Back 169

is a mediain fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum

Front 170

NAME
is the median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum

Back 170

labial frenulum

Front 171

What is the palate?

Back 171

bone that forms the roof of the mouth

Front 172

NAME
bone that forms the roof of the mouth

Back 172

palate

Front 173

What are the two parts of the palate?

Back 173

(1)hard (2)soft palate

Front 174

What is the hard palate?

Back 174

forms the rigid surface against which the tongue forces food during chewing

Front 175

NAME
forms the rigid surface against which the tongue forces food during chewing

Back 175

the hard palate

Front 176

What is the soft palate?

Back 176

is a mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle

Front 177

NAME
is a mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle

Back 177

soft palate

Front 178

What does the soft palate do when we swallow?

Back 178

rise reflexively to close off the nasopharnyx

Front 179

NAME
when we swallow this rises reflexivly to close off the nasopharnyx

Back 179

the soft palate

Front 180

What is the tongue?

Back 180

occupies most of the mouth and fills most of the oral caivty when the mouth is closed

Front 181

NAME
occupies most of the mouth and fills most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed

Back 181

tongue

Front 182

The tongue is composed of interlacing bundles of (1)

Back 182

skeletal muscle fibers

Front 183

NAME
is composed of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle fibers

Back 183

tongue

Front 184

What does the tongue do during chewing?

Back 184

it grips the food and constantly repostions it bwn the teeth

Front 185

NAME
during chewing, this grips the food and constantly repositions it btwn the teeth

Back 185

tongue

Front 186

What is the bolus?

Back 186

is a compact mass that is formed when the tongue mixes food w saliva

Front 187

the tongue also mixes food w salvia and forms it into a compact mass called (1)

Back 187

bolus

Front 188

What is the filform papillae?

Back 188

gives the tongue surface a roughness that aids in licking semisold foods

Front 189

NAME
gives the tongue surface a roughness that aids in licking semisold foods

Back 189

filform papillae

Front 190

What is fungiform papillae?

Back 190

is mushroom shaped that each has a vascular core that gives it's reddish hue

Front 191

NAME
is a mushroom shaped that each has a vascular core that gives it's reddich hue

Back 191

fungiform papillae

Front 192

Both the (1) and (2)house taste buds

Back 192

fungiform and circumvallate papillae

Front 193

Where are the taste buds on the tongue?

Back 193

in the fungiform and circumvallate papillae

Front 194

Circumvallate papillae are also called (1)

Back 194

vallate papillae

Front 195

(1) are also called the vallate paillae

Back 195

circumvallate papillae

Front 196

What are the circumvallate papillae?

Back 196

are located in a V shaped row at the back of the tongue

Front 197

NAME
are located in a V-shaped row at the back of the tongue

Back 197

circumvallate papillae

Front 198

T or F
the papillae are the taste buds

Back 198

false

Front 199

What is the sulcus terminalis?

Back 199

is a groove that distniguishes the anterior two thirds of the tongue

Front 200

NAME
is a groove that distnigushes the anterior two thirds of the tongue

Back 200

sulcus terminalis

Front 201

T or F
the muscosa covering the root of the tongue lacks papillae

Back 201

true

Front 202

A number of glands assocaited w the oral caivty secrete (1)

Back 202

salvia

Front 203

What are the salivary glands?

Back 203

secrete salvia

Front 204

NAME
these glands secrete salvia

Back 204

salivary glands

Front 205

What are the functions of the salvia? (4)

Back 205

(1)cleanses the mouth (2)disolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted (3)moistens food and aids in compacting it into bolus (4)contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of starchy foods

Front 206

NAME
this cleanses the mouth, disolves food chemicals so that they can be tasted, moistens food and aids in compacting it into bolus, and contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of starchy foods

Back 206

salvia

Front 207

Where is most of the salvia produced?

Back 207

by the extrinsic salivary glands

Front 208

What are the extrinsic salviary glands?

Back 208

produce most of the salvia

Front 209

NAME
produce most of the saliva

Back 209

extrnistic salviary glands

Front 210

the intrinsic salviary glands are also called the (1)

Back 210

buccual glands

Front 211

(1) the are also called the buccual glands

Back 211

intrinisic salviary glands

Front 212

NAME
these glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity mucosa

Back 212

buccal glands

Front 213

The buccal glands are scattered throughout the (1)

Back 213

oral cavity mucosa

Front 214

What is the mumps?

Back 214

is the inflammation of the parotid glands

Front 215

NAME
is the inflammation of the partoid glands

Back 215

mumps

Front 216

What causes the mumps?

Back 216

mumps virus

Front 217

NAME
this is caused by the mumps virus

Back 217

mumps

Front 218

What are the two kinds of secretory cells that make of the salviary glands?

Back 218

(1)serous cells (2)mucous cells

Front 219

NAME
this gland is composed of two types of secretory cells:serous cells and mucous cells

Back 219

salviary glands

Front 220

What are serous cells?

Back 220

produce a watery secretion contaning enzymes, ions, and tiny bit of mucin

Front 221

NAME
produce a watery secretion containing enzymes, ions, and tiny bit of mucin

Back 221

serous cells

Front 222

What are mucous cells?

Back 222

produce mucus

Front 223

NAME
produces a mucus

Back 223

mucous cells

Front 224

What is mucus?

Back 224

a stringy viscous solution

Front 225

NAME
is a stringy viscous solution

Back 225

mucus

Front 226

NAME
this gland contains only serous cells

Back 226

parotid glands

Front 227

What kind of cells do the parotid glands contian?

Back 227

only serous cells

Front 228

NAME (2)
both of these two glands contain serous and mucous cells

Back 228

(1)submandibular glands (2)buccual glands

Front 229

what kinds of cells do the submandibular and buccal glands have? (2)

Back 229

(1) serous (2)mucous cells

Front 230

What kinds of cells do the sublingual glands have?

Back 230

mostly mucous cells

Front 231

NAME
this glands mostly contain mucous cells

Back 231

sublingual glands

Front 232

What is the compostion of the saliva?

Back 232

largely water -- 97% to 99% and is highly acidic

Front 233

NAME
this largely water (97% to 99%) and is highly acidic

Back 233

salvia

Front 234

What is mucin?

Back 234

forms thick mucous that lubricates the oral cavity and hyrdrates foodstuff when desolved in water

Front 235

NAME
when this is disolved inwater, it forms a thick mucous that lubricates the oral cavity and hyrdrates foodstuff when desolved in water

Back 235

mucin

Front 236

What parts of the saliva protect the oral caivty against mirobes?

Back 236

(1)IgA antibodies (2)lysozyme (3)a cyande compound (4)defensins

Front 237

NAME
is composed of IgA antibodies, lysozyme, a cyandie compound, and defensins

Back 237

saliva

Front 238

What are defensins?

Back 238

function to call defensive cells into the mouth for battle

Front 239

NAME
function to call defensive cells into the mouth for battle

Back 239

defensins

Front 240

T or F
the intrinsic salivary glands secrete salvia continousaly in amounts just sufficeint to keep the mouth moist

Back 240

true

Front 241

What primarly controls salivation?

Back 241

the parasympathetic division

Front 242

The (1) division of the nervous system primarly controls salivation

Back 242

paprasympathetic

Front 243

The parasympathetic division of the nervous system primarly controls (1)

Back 243

salivation

Front 244

How does natural bacteria at the back of the tongue help the digestive system?

Back 244

convert food derived nitrates in saliva into nitrates are converted into nitric oxide in an acid environment

Front 245

NAME
these convert food derived nitrates in salvia into nitrates are converted into nitric oxide in an acid anvironment

Back 245

natural bateria at the back of the tongue

Front 246

T or F
sometimes the just the sight or smell of food can trigger salivation

Back 246

true

Front 247

What does the sympathetic division cause in the oral cavity?

Back 247

release of a thick mucin rich salvia and extreme activtion it causes dry mouth

Front 248

NAME
this nervous system can cause the release of a thick mucin rich salvia, and in exterem activation it causes dry mouth

Back 248

sympathetic division

Front 249

From the mouth, bolus passes posteriorly into the (1) and then (2)

Back 249

(1)oropharnyx (2)larynopharnyx

Front 250

What is the esophagus?

Back 250

a mascular tube that is collapsed when it is not involved in food propulsion

Front 251

NAME
is a muscular tube that is collapsed when it is not involved in food propulsion

Back 251

eosphagus

Front 252

What does the epiglottis do?

Back 252

when food moves through the laryngopharynx and is routed into the eosphagus, it closed off to the larnyx to food entry

Front 253

NAME
this closes off the larnyx to food entry when food moves through the larynogopharynx and is routed off to the larnyx

Back 253

epiglottis

Front 254

the (1) of the epiglottis surrounds the (2), and helps to keep it closed when food is being swallowed

Back 254

(1)muscular diaphragm (2)sphinceter

Front 255

the muscular diaphragm of the (1) surrounds the spihinceter and helps to keep it closed when food is being swallowed

Back 255

epiglottis

Front 256

What does GERD stand for?

Back 256

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Front 257

What is the first symptom of GERD?

Back 257

heartburn

Front 258

Heartburn is the first symptom o f (1)

Back 258

GERD

Front 259

What is heartburn?

Back 259

is the burning, radiating substernal pain that ocurs when the acdic gastric juice regugritates into the esophagus

Front 260

NAME
is the burning radiating substernal pain that ocurs when the acdic gastric juice regurgriates into the esophagus

Back 260

heartburn

Front 261

NAME
this is most likely to ocur when one has eaten or drunk to excess and in conditins that force abdominal contents superiorly such as pregrancy, obesity, and running which cuases the stomach contents to splash upward each step

Back 261

Heartburn

Front 262

What hiatel hernia?

Back 262

a structural abnoramility in which the superior part of the stomach protudes slightly above the diaphragm

Front 263

NAME
is a structural abnormaility in which the superior part of the stomach protudes slightly above the diaphragm

Back 263

hiatel hernia

Front 264

if esposides of heartburn are frequent and prolonged it can cause (1)and (2)

Back 264

(1)esophagitis (2)esophagela ulcers

Front 265

If esposides of (1)are frequent and prolonged it can cause esophagitis and esophagela

Back 265

heartburn

Front 266

T or F
unlike the mouth and pharnyx, the esophagus wall has all four the basic alimentary canal layers

Back 266

true

Front 267

Does the mouth have all four of the basic alimentary canal layers?

Back 267

no

Front 268

Does the pharanyx have all four of the basic alimentary canal layers?

Back 268

no

Front 269

Does the esophagus walls have all of the four basic layers of the alimentary canal?

Back 269

yes

Front 270

the esophageal mucosa contains a (1) stratifed squamous epithelia

Back 270

nonkertanized

Front 271

What is unique about the mucosa layer of the esophagus?

Back 271

it has nonkertanized strafied squamous eptihelia

Front 272

What happens when the esophagus is empty?

Back 272

it mucosa and submucsa are thrown into longitudinal fold

Front 273

NAME
when this happens its mucosa and submucosa are thrown into longitudinal fold

Back 273

when the esophagus is empty

Front 274

What happens when the esophagus has food in transit?

Back 274

the longitudal folds straighten out

Front 275

NAME
when this happens, its longitudal fold striagten out

Back 275

when the esophagus has food in transit

Front 276

In the esophagus, the submucosa contains mucus secreting (1)

Back 276

esophageal glands

Front 277

NAME
this GI organ has a submucosa that contains mucus secereting esophageal glands

Back 277

esophagus

Front 278

Does the esophagus have a serosa layer?

Back 278

no instead it has a fibrous adventitia of connective tissues

Front 279

NAME
instead of a serosa this alimentary canal organ has a fibrous advventitia of connective tissue

Back 279

esophagus

Front 280

What are the differ functions of the mouth?

Back 280

(1)ingests (2)begins mechanical digestion by chewing (3)intitaes propulsion by swallowing

Front 281

NAME
its functions are ingestion, begins mechanical digestion by chewing and initiates propulsion by swallowing

Back 281

mouth

Front 282

What is amylase?

Back 282

is an enzyme found in the saliva that begins the chemical breakdown of polysarccrides such as strach and glycogen

Front 283

NAME
is an enzyme found in the saliva that begins the chemical breakdown of the polysarccrides such as starch and glycogen into smaller linked fragments of glucose

Back 283

amylase

Front 284

NAME (2)
these organs merley serve as conducts to pass food from the mouth to the stomach

Back 284

pharynyx (2)esophagus

Front 285

What is the function of the pharnyx?

Back 285

propulsion

Front 286

What is the function of the esophagus?

Back 286

propulsion

Front 287

the pharanyx and esophagus merly serve as conduits to (1)

Back 287

pass food from the mouth to the stomach

Front 288

What is mastication?

Back 288

means chewing

Front 289

NAME
refers to chewing

Back 289

mastication

Front 290

What does deglutition mean?

Back 290

refers to swallowing

Front 291

nAME
refers to swallowing

Back 291

degulitition

Front 292

As food enters the mouth, its mechanical breakdown begins w (1)

Back 292

mastication

Front 293

What is the stomach?

Back 293

is a temporary "storage tank" where chemical breakdown of protiens begins and food is converted to a creamy paste called chyme

Front 294

NAME
is a temporary "storage tank" where chemical breakdown of protiens begins and food is converted to a creamy paste called chyme

Back 294

stomach

Front 295

What is chyme?

Back 295

is the creamy paste that food is converted to in the stomach

Front 296

NAME
is the creamy paste that food is converted into in the stomach

Back 296

chyme

Front 297

NAME
this organ lies in the upper left quardrent of the peritoneal cavity, nearly hidden by the liver and the diaphragm

Back 297

stomach

Front 298

NAME
this organ is slightly larger than the large intestine

Back 298

stomach

Front 299

What are the (4)main regions of the stomach

Back 299

(1)fondus (2)body (3)pyloric region (4)cardiac region

Front 300

What is the cardiac region?

Back 300

surrounds the cardiac orifce through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus

Front 301

NAME
this surrounds the cardiac orfice through which food enters the stomach from the esophagus

Back 301

cardiac region

Front 302

What is the fundus?

Back 302

is the dome shaped part tucked beneath the diaphragm

Front 303

NAME
is the dome shaped part tucked beneath the diaphragm

Back 303

fundus

Front 304

What is the body of the stomach?

Back 304

is the midportion of the stomach

Front 305

NAME
is the midportion of the stomach

Back 305

fundus

Front 306

What is the pyloric sphincter?

Back 306

which controls the stomach emptying

Front 307

NAME
this controls the stomach emptying

Back 307

pyloric sphincter

Front 308

Does the stomach have all of the 4 layer of the alimentary canal?

Back 308

yes but its muscularis and mucosa are modified for the speacil roles of the stomach

Front 309

How is the mucularis of the stomach unique?

Back 309

by the smooth muscles runs obliquely

Front 310

NAME
for this organ in the mucularis, the smooth muscles run obliquely

Back 310

stomach

Front 311

What does the mucularis having smooth muscle runing obliquely help w the function of the stomach?

Back 311

the arrangment allows the stomach not only to move food along the tract, but also churn the food, mix, abd pummel the food, physcially breaking it down into smaller fragments

Front 312

NAME
this arrangement in the stomach allows the stomach not only to move food along the tract, but also churn the food, mix, and pummel the food, physcially breaking it down into smaller fragements

Back 312

the mucularis having smooth muscles that run obliquely

Front 313

What are the gastric glands?

Back 313

produce the stomach secretion called gastric juice

Front 314

NAME
this produces the stomach secretion called gastric juice

Back 314

gastric glands

Front 315

the gastric pits lead to the (1)

Back 315

gastric glands

Front 316

what is unique about the mucusoa layer of the stomach?

Back 316

goblet cells produce a protective two layer of mucous in which the surface layer consists of viscous mucus that taps a later of bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it

Front 317

NAME
this has goblet cells produce a protective two layer of mucous in which the surface layer consists of viscous mucus that taps a later of bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it

Back 317

the mucusoa layer of the stomach

Front 318

What are four types of secretory cells can be found in the stomach?

Back 318

(1)mucous neck cells (2)parietal cells (3)cheif cells (4)enteroendrocrine cells

Front 319

What are mucous neck cells?

Back 319

are found in the neck region of the glands and produce a different type of mucous then what is secreted from the Goblet cells

Front 320

NAME
are found in the neck region of the glands and produce a different type of mucous then what is secreted from the Goblet cells

Back 320

mucous neck cells

Front 321

What are the parietal cells?

Back 321

secrete HCL and instrinsic factors

Front 322

NAME
these cells secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

Back 322

parietal cells

Front 323

Where are the parietal cells located?

Back 323

are found mainly in region of the glands scattered among the cheif cells

Front 324

NAME
these secrety cells are mainly found in the middle region of the stomach and scattered amoung the cheif cells

Back 324

parietal cells

Front 325

How does the acidty of the stomach help w the digestion of food?

Back 325

by denaturing protiens and breaking down cell walls of plant foods

Front 326

What are intrinsic factor?

Back 326

is a glycoprotien required for viatmin B12 absorption in the small intestine

Front 327

NAME
is a glycoprotien required for vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine

Back 327

intrinsic factor

Front 328

What are chief cells?

Back 328

produce pepsinogen

Front 329

NAME
produce the pepsinogen

Back 329

chief cells

Front 330

What is pepsinogen?

Back 330

is the inactive form of the protien digestive enzyme pepsin

Front 331

NAME
is the inactive form of the protien digestive enzyme pepsin

Back 331

pepsinogen

Front 332

Where can you find chief cells?

Back 332

in the basal regions of the gastric glands

Front 333

NAME
these secertry cells of the stomach can be found mainly in the basal regions of the gastric glands

Back 333

chief cells

Front 334

What happens when chief cells are stimulated?

Back 334

the first pepinogen molecules molecules release HCL

Front 335

NAME
this secretey cells of the stomach when stimualted, the firt peinogen molecule they release stimulates HCL

Back 335

chief cells

Front 336

What else do cheif cells secrete in insignificant amounts?

Back 336

lipases

Front 337

NAME
these secretory cells of the stomach, also secrete insignficants amounts of lipases

Back 337

chief cells

Front 338

What are enteroendocrine cells?

Back 338

release a variety of hormone or hormonelike products directly into the lamina propia

Front 339

NAME
release a variety of hormones or hormonelike products directly into the lamina propia

Back 339

enteroendocrine cells

Front 340

What are the products of enterendocrine cells? (6)

Back 340

(1)gastrin (2)histamine (3)endorphins (4)serotonin (5)cholecystokinin (6)somatostatin

Front 341

NAME
this secretory cells of the stomach, products are gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin

Back 341

enterendocrine cells

Front 342

What gastrin?

Back 342

plays essential roles in regulating stomach secretion and mobility

Front 343

NAME
this plays an essential role in regulating stomach secretion and mobility

Back 343

gastrin

Front 344

T or F
the stomach is a passive vicitim of its formdiable environment

Back 344

false

Front 345

How does the stomach prevent from becoming a passive victim of its formidable environment?

Back 345

by producing the mucosal barrier

Front 346

What is the mucosal barrier?

Back 346

protects the stomach from becoming a passive victim of its formidable environment

Front 347

What are four (4)factors that create the mucosal barrier?

Back 347

(1)a thick coating of bicarbonte -rich mucus in built up on the stomach wall
(2)the epithelial cells of the mucosa are joined together by tight junctions that prevent gastric juice from leaking into the underlying tissue layers (3)deep in the gastric glands, where the protective alkaline mucus is absent, the external faces of the plasma membrane of the glandular cells are impermeable to HCL
(4)Damaged epithelial mucosal cells are shed and quickly replaced by division of undiffereniated stem cells

Front 348

How often is the stomach epithelum renewed?

Back 348

every three to six days

Front 349

Anything that breaches the gel like mucosal barrier causes (1)

Back 349

inflammation

Front 350

Anything that (1) causes in inflammation of the stomach

Back 350

breaches the gel like mucosal barrier

Front 351

What are gastric ulcers?

Back 351

are reosions of the stomach wall

Front 352

NAME
are erosions of the stomach wall

Back 352

gastric ulcers

Front 353

What are some common predisposing factors for gastric ulcers?

Back 353

(1)hypersecretion of HCL acid (2)hyposecretion of mucus

Front 354

NAME
some commone predisposing factors for gastric ulcers are hypersecretion of HCL acid and hyposecretion of mucus

Back 354

gastric ulcers

Front 355

T or F
although acid conditions are necessary for ulcer formation, acidy in and of itself is not sufficant to cause ulcer formation

Back 355

true

Front 356

for 90 % of cases of gastric ulcers, what is the cause of the recurrent ulcers?

Back 356

helicobacter pylori bacteria that burrow beneath the mucus and destroy the protective layer

Front 357

NAME
recurrence of this in 90% of cases is beleived to be caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria that burrow beneath the mucus and destroy the protective layer

Back 357

gastric ulcers

Front 358

What are some products that help the helicobacter pylroi do there dirty work?

Back 358

(1)urease (2)cytotoxin (3)several protients that act as chemotactic agens to attract microphages

Front 359

NAME
this secretes products such as (1)urease (2)cytotoxin (3)several protients that act as chemotactic agens to attract microphages to help do its dirty work

Back 359

helicobacter pylroi

Front 360

What is urease?

Back 360

an enzyme that breaks down urea to CO2 and ammonia

Front 361

NAME
this is a enzyme that breaks down urea to CO2 and ammonia

Back 361

urease

Front 362

What is cyotoxin?

Back 362

lesions the stomach epiethelum

Front 363

NAME
this lesions the stomach epithelum

Back 363

cyotoxin

Front 364

Protien digestion is intiated in the (1)

Back 364

stomach

Front 365

Where is protien digestion start?

Back 365

stomach

Front 366

(1)digestion is intiated in the stomach

Back 366

protien

Front 367

T or F
protien digestion is intiated in the stomach and is essentially the only type of enzymatic digestion that occurs here

Back 367

true

Front 368

Dietary protiens are denatured by (1)

Back 368

HCL

Front 369

in infants, however, the stomach glands also secerte (1)

Back 369

rennin

Front 370

in (1), however, the stomach glands also secrete rennin

Back 370

infants

Front 371

What is rennin?

Back 371

is enzyme found in infants that acts on milk protien converting it to a curdy substance that looks like soured milk

Front 372

NAME
is an enzyme found in infants that acts on milk protien converting it to a curdy substance that looks like soured milk

Back 372

rennin

Front 373

What substances pass easily though the substance?

Back 373

alcholol and asprin bc they are lipid souble

Front 374

t or f
alcoholol and asprin do not pass easily through the stomach

Back 374

false

Front 375

What is the only stomach function essential to life for secretion?

Back 375

intrinsic factor

Front 376

What is an intrinsic factor?

Back 376

is required for intestinal abosorption of vitamin B12

Front 377

NAME
this is required for intestinal absorption of vitamin B12

Back 377

intrinsic factor

Front 378

What is vitamin B12 needed for?

Back 378

to produce mature erythrocytes

Front 379

NAME
this is needed to produce mature erythrocytes

Back 379

vitamin B12

Front 380

What happens if there the stomach does not have enought B12 or instrinic factors to absorb vitamin b12?

Back 380

pernicious anemia

Front 381

What causes pernicious anemia?

Back 381

it acurs if there is not enough vitamin B12 or enough of instrinic factor to absorb vitamin B12

Front 382

What controls gastric secretion?

Back 382

both neural and hormonal mechanisms

Front 383

NAME
this type of secretion is controled by neural and hormonal mechanisms

Back 383

gastric secretion

Front 384

What is gastrin stimulate?

Back 384

secretions of enzymes and HCL

Front 385

NAME
this secretes enzymes and HCl

Back 385

gastrin

Front 386

Where do stimuli for gastric secretion act on (3)?

Back 386

(1)the head (2)stomach (3)small intestine

Front 387

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

Back 387

(1)cephalic reflex (2)gastric (3)intestinal

Front 388

What is the cephalic reflex?

Back 388

is prior to food entry

Front 389

What is the gastric phase?

Back 389

is once food enters the stomach

Front 390

What is the intestinal phase?

Back 390

is as partially digested foods enter the duodenum

Front 391

NAME
this phase is prior to food entry

Back 391

cephalic reflex

Front 392

NAME
this phase is once the food enters the stomach

Back 392

gastric phase

Front 393

NAME
this phase ocurs as partially digested foods enter the duodeum

Back 393

intestinal phase

Front 394

What are two events of the cehphalic phase? (2)

Back 394

(1)excitary phase (2)inhibitaroy

Front 395

NAME
this phase has two events: the exictary and inhibitary

Back 395

the cehphalic phase

Front 396

What are some excitatory events ? (2)

Back 396

(1)sight or thought of food (2)stimulation of taste or smell receptors

Front 397

NAME TYPE OF EVENT THIS IS
the sight or thought of food

Back 397

excitatory events

Front 398

NAME TYPE OF EVENT THIS IS
the stimulation of tastes or smell receptors

Back 398

excitatory event

Front 399

NAME
this include the sight or thought of food and stimulation of taste or smell receptors

Back 399

excitatory events

Front 400

What are some inhibitaroy events?

Back 400

(1)the lose of appetite or depression (2)decrease in the stimulation of the parasympathic division

Front 401

NAME
this includes the lose of appetite or depression and decrease in the stimulation of the parasympathic division

Back 401

inhibitaroy events

Front 402

NAME EVENT THAT IT IS OCURING
the lose of appetite or depression

Back 402

inhibitarory events

Front 403

What are some excitatory events during the gastric phase? (4)

Back 403

(1)stomach distension (2)activation of strech receptors (3)activation of chemoreceptors by peptides, caffine, and rising pH (4)relase of gastrin into the blood

Front 404

NAME EVENT AND WHICH PHASE IT OCURS IN
stomach distension

Back 404

excitartory event in the gastric phase

Front 405

NAME EVENT AND WHICH PHASE IT OCURS IN
activation of strech receptors

Back 405

excitatory events during the gastric phase

Front 406

NAME EVENT AND WHICH PHASE IT OCURS IN
activation of chemoreceptors by peptides, caffine, and rising ph

Back 406

excitaroy event during the gastric phase

Front 407

NAME EVENT AND WHICH PHASE IT OCURS IN
release of gastrin into the blood

Back 407

excitatory event during the gastric phaes

Front 408

NAME EVENT AND PHASE IT OCURS IN
(1)stomach distension (2)activation of strech receptors (3)activation of chemoreceptors by peptides, caffine, and rising pH (4)relase of gastrin into the blood

Back 408

excitatory events during the gastric phase

Front 409

What are some inhibitaroy events that ocur during the gastric phase?

Back 409

(1)a Ph lower than 2 (2)emotional upset that overrides the parasympathetic nervous sytsem

Front 410

NAME EVENT AND PHASE IN WHICH IT OCURS
a ph lower than 2

Back 410

inhibitary event in the gastric phase

Front 411

NAME EVENT AND PHASE IN WHICH IT OCURS
emotional upset that overrides teh parasympathetic nervous system

Back 411

inhibitaroy event in the gastric phase

Front 412

NAME EVENT AND PHASE IN WHICH IT OCURS
a Ph lower than 2 and emotional upset that overrides the parasympathetic nervous sytsem

Back 412

inhibitaory event in the gastric phase

Front 413

What are some exictatory events in the intestinal phase? (2)

Back 413

(1)low ph (2)partially digested food enters the deodenum and encourages gastric activity

Front 414

What are some inhibitory events in the itestinal phase? (3)

Back 414

(1)distension of the deodenum (2)presence of fatty, acidic or hypertonic chyme (3)irratants in the deodenum

Front 415

NAME WHICH EVENT AND PHASE IT IS OCURING IN
low ph

Back 415

exicatory event in the itestinal phase

Front 416

NAME WHICH EVENT AND PHASE IT IS OCURING IN
partially digested food enters the deodenum and encourages gastric activity

Back 416

exicartory event in the intestinal phase

Front 417

NAME WHICH EVENT AND PHASE IT iS OCURING IN
low ph and partially digested food enters the deodumum and encourages gastric activity

Back 417

exicatory phase in the intestinal phase

Front 418

NAME WHICH EVENT AND PHASE IT OCURS IN
distension of the deodenum, presence of fatty, acidic, or hypertonic chyme and irratants in the deodenum

Back 418

inhibittory events in the intestinal phase

Front 419

NAME WHICH EVENT AND PHASE IT IS OCURING IN
irrtants in the deodenum

Back 419

inhibitoary event in e intestinal phase

Front 420

NAME WHICH EVENT AND PHASE IT IS OCURING IN
distentions of the deodenum

Back 420

inhibitoary event in the intestinal phase

Front 421

NAME WHICH EVENT AND PHASE IT IS OCURING IN
presence of fatty, acidic, or hypertonic chyme

Back 421

inhibitoary event in the intestinal phase

Front 422

The stomach (1)to accomadate incoming food and the pressure remains the same

Back 422

strech

Front 423

Why is the pressure in a filling stomach stay constant?

Back 423

(1)the reflex mediated relaxation of the smooth muscles (2) the plasicty of visceral smooth muscle

Front 424

The reflex mediated relaxation of the smooth muscles and the plasicty of the visceral smooth muscle keeps the (1)during when the stomach is filling up with food

Back 424

pressure constant

Front 425

As the food moves through the esophasus, the stomach (1)

Back 425

relaxes

Front 426

What is receptative relaxtion?

Back 426

refers to when as the food moves through the esophagus, the stomach muscles relax

Front 427

NAME
this refers to when as the food moves through the esophasus, the stomach muscles relax

Back 427

recepative relaxation

Front 428

What is the recepative relexation coordinated by?

Back 428

the swallowing center of the brain stem and mediated by the vagus nerves

Front 429

NAME
this is coordinated by the swallowing center of the brain stem and mediated by the vagus nerves

Back 429

recepative relexation

Front 430

What is adaptive relaxiation?

Back 430

the phenomenon is in which the stomach dilates in response to gastric filling which activates strech receptors in the wall

Front 431

NAME
is the phenomenon in which the stomach dilates in response to gastric filling which activates strech receptors in the wall

Back 431

adapative relaxation

Front 432

What does adapative relaxation depend on?

Back 432

nitric oxide (NO)

Front 433

NAME
this depends on nitric oxide (NO)

Back 433

adapative relaxation

Front 434

What is plasticity?

Back 434

is the intrinsic ability of visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress relaxation response

Front 435

nAME
is the intrinsic ability of the visceral smooth muscle to exhibit the stress relaxation response

Back 435

plasticity

Front 436

The larger the meal, the (1)

Back 436

faster the stomach empties

Front 437

Which moves ths through the stomach faster a carb rich meal or a fat rich meal?

Back 437

a carb rich meal

Front 438

Which moves trough the stomach slower a carb rich meal or a fat rich meal?

Back 438

fat a rich meal

Front 439

Why do fat take longer to move through the stomach?

Back 439

bc fats form an oily layer at the top of the chyme and are digested more slowlyby enzymes acting in the intestines

Front 440

NAME
meals rich in this form an oily layer at the top of the chyme and are digested more slowly by eznymes acting in the intestines

Back 440

fat

Front 441

Vomiting is also called (1)

Back 441

emesis

Front 442

(1)is also called emesis

Back 442

vomiting

Front 443

What are the most common causes of vomiting?

Back 443

(1)bacterial toxins (2)excessive alcholol (3)spicy foods (4)certain drugs

Front 444

Bacterial toxins, excessive alcholol, spicy foods, and certain drugs are common causes of(1)

Back 444

vomiting

Front 445

During vomiting, (1)stream from the irrated sites to the emetic centers of the medulla and initiate a number of motor response

Back 445

sensory impulses

Front 446

During vomiting, sensory impulses stream from the irrated sites to the (1) of the medulla and initiate a number of motor response

Back 446

emetic centers

Front 447

What causes vomiting? (2)

Back 447

(1)sensory impulses stream from the irrated sites to the emetic centers from the irrated sites of the medulla and initiate a number of motor responses (2)the diaphragm nad abdominal wall muscles contract increasing intra abdominal pressure, and the soft palate rises to close off the nasal passage and the stomach contents is forced up through the esophagus and pharynx

Front 448

NAME
this is the body's major digestive organ

Back 448

small intestine

Front 449

NAME
w.in its twisted passageways, digestion is completed and viturally all absorption ocurs here

Back 449

small intestine

Front 450

NAME
this is the longested alimentary tube

Back 450

small intestine

Front 451

What are the (3) subdivisions of the small intestines?

Back 451

(1)duodenum (2)jejunum (3)ileum

Front 452

NAME
has three subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Back 452

small intestines

Front 453

What are three features of the duodenum?

Back 453

(1)bile duct (2)the main pancreatic duct (3)hepatopancreatic ampulla

Front 454

NAME
has three main features, the bile duct, the main pancreatic duct, and the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Back 454

duodenum

Front 455

What is the bile duct?

Back 455

delivers bile from the liver

Front 456

NAME
delivers bile from the liver

Back 456

bile duct

Front 457

What is the main pancreatic duct?

Back 457

carries pancreatic juice from the pancreas

Front 458

NAME
carries pancreatic juice from the pancreas

Back 458

the main pancreatic duct

Front 459

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

Back 459

is the bulblike point in the wall of the duodenum where the bile duct and the main pancreatic duct unite

Front 460

NAME
is the bulblike point in the wall of the duodenum where the bile duct and the main pancreatic duct unite

Back 460

hepatopancreatic ampulla

Front 461

What is the hepatopancreatic sphincter?

Back 461

is a muscular valve that controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juice

Front 462

NAME
is a muscular valve that controls the entry of bile and pnacreatic juice

Back 462

hepatopancreatic sphincter

Front 463

The (1) is also called the sphincter of Oddi

Back 463

heptapancreatic sphincter

Front 464

The hepapancreatic sphincter is also called the (1)

Back 464

sphincter of Oddi

Front 465

The small intestine is highly adapted for nutrient (1)

Back 465

absorption

Front 466

What are three structural modifications that help to provide the large surface area of the stomach? (3)

Back 466

(1)circular folds (2)Villi (3)microvilli

Front 467

NAME
the circular folds, villi, and microvilli help to increase the surface area of this organ

Back 467

small intestines

Front 468

Circular folds are also called (1)

Back 468

plicae circulares

Front 469

(1) are also called plicae circulares

Back 469

circular folds

Front 470

What are circular folds?

Back 470

are deep permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa

Front 471

NAME
are deep permanent folds of the mucosa and submucosa

Back 471

circular folds

Front 472

What do circular folds do?

Back 472

help force chyme to spiral through the lumen, slowing movement and allowing time for nutrient absorption

Front 473

NAME
this helps to force chyme to spiral through the lumen and allowing time for nutrient absorption

Back 473

circular folds

Front 474

What are villi?

Back 474

are fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety texture

Front 475

NAME
are fingerlike projections of the mucosa that give it a velvety texture

Back 475

villi

Front 476

What is lacteal?

Back 476

is a lympth capillary

Front 477

NAME
is a lympth capillary

Back 477

lacteal

Front 478

Foodstuffs in the small intestines are absorbed through the (1) into the (2)

Back 478

(1)epihtelial cells (2)both the capillary bed and the lacteal

Front 479

What does a slip of smooth muscle in the villus core of the small intestines allow for? (2)

Back 479

(1)increase the contact btwn the villus and the contents of the intestinal lumen making absorption more effective (2)"milk" lymph along through the lacteals

Front 480

What are microvilli?

Back 480

are tiny projections of the plasma memebrane of the absorptive cells of the mucosa

Front 481

What is the brush barrier?

Back 481

refers to the fuzzy appearance of the microvilli along the plasma membrane of the small intestines

Front 482

nAME
this refers to the fuzzy apearance of microvilli along the plasma membrane of the small intestines

Back 482

brush barrier

Front 483

What are the brush border enzymes?

Back 483

enzymes in the microvilli that complete the digestion of carbs and protiens in the small intestines

Front 484

nAME
refers to the enzymes in the microvilli that complete the digestion of carbs and protiens in the small intestines

Back 484

brush border enzymes

Front 485

What is different about the layers of the small intestine?

Back 485

(1)the muscoas is largely simple columnar w absorptive cells, golbet cells, enteroendocrine cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and has crypts of Lieberkuhn (2)the submucosa contains peyer's patches, and duodenal glands

Front 486

are the 4 layers of the wall in the small intestine the same?

Back 486

no

Front 487

Which 4 layers of the wall in the small intestine are different? (2)

Back 487

(1)mucosa (2)submucosa

Front 488

What are intraepitheila lymphocytes?

Back 488

T cells that upon encountering antigents, they immediately release cytokines that cuase killing of infected target cells

Front 489

NAME
in the small intestine, these are T cells that opon encountering antigens, they immediately release cytokines that cause killing of infected target cells

Back 489

intraepithelia lymphocytes

Front 490

NAME
the mucosa layer of this organ has absorptive cells, golbet cells, enteroendocrine cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes and has crypts of Lieberkuhn

Back 490

small intestines

Front 491

intestinal crypts are also called (1)

Back 491

crypts of Leiberjuhn

Front 492

(1)are also called crypts of Leiberjuhn

Back 492

intestinal crypts

Front 493

What are intestinal cyrpts?

Back 493

have intestinal cells in thier lining that secrete intestinal juice

Front 494

NAME
this has intestinal cells in thier lining that secrete intestinal juice

Back 494

intestinal cyrpt

Front 495

What is intestinal juice?

Back 495

a watery mixture containing mucus that serves as a carrier fluids for absorbing nutrients from chyme

Front 496

NAME
is a watery mixture containing mucus that serves as a carrier fluid for absorbing nutrients from chyme

Back 496

intestinal juice

Front 497

What are Paneth cells?

Back 497

are found in the intestinal crypts and fortify the small intestines defeneses by releasing lyosymes

Front 498

NAME
these are found in the intestinal cyrpts and fortify the small intestines defenses by releasing lyosymes

Back 498

paneth cells

Front 499

How is the submucosa of the small intestine differ?

Back 499

it contains peyer's patches and duodenal glands

Front 500

NAME
this ogran's submucsa is differ bc it has peyer's patches and duodenal glands

Back 500

the small intestine

Front 501

What are Peyer's patches?

Back 501

are aggregated lymphoid follicles

Front 502

NAME
are aggregated follicles

Back 502

peyer's patches

Front 503

Why do peyer's patches increase at the end of the small intestines?

Back 503

to prevent the large amount of bacteria from entering the blood streams

Front 504

NAME
towards the end of the small intestines, there are this to prevent the bateria from entering the blood

Back 504

Peyer's patches

Front 505

What are duodenal glands?

Back 505

produce an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize the acdic chyme moving in from the stomach

Front 506

NAME
produce an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize the acdic chyme moving in from the stomach

Back 506

duodenal glands

Front 507

Where are the duodenal glands located?

Back 507

in the submucosa of the duodenum only

Front 508

What is the major stimulus for intestinal juice?

Back 508

the distension or irritation of the intestional mucusa by hypertonic or acidic chyme

Front 509

NAME
the production of this is stimulated by the distension or irritation of the intestional mucusoa by hypertonic or acidic chyme

Back 509

intestinonla juice

Front 510

What are (2)organs associated w the small intestines?

Back 510

(1)liver (2)gallbladder

Front 511

What is the digestive function of the liver?

Back 511

is to produce bile for export to duodenum

Front 512

NAME
the digestive function of this organ is to produce bile for export to the duodenum

Back 512

the liver

Front 513

NAME
this is fat emulsifer

Back 513

bile

Front 514

How is bile fat emulsifer?

Back 514

by it breaks up fats into tiny particles so that they are more accessible to digestive enzymes

Front 515

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Back 515

is a storage organ for bile

Front 516

NAME
is a storage organ for bile

Back 516

gallbladder

Front 517

What is the largest gland in the body?

Back 517

liver

Front 518

The liver is the (1) gland in the body

Back 518

largest

Front 519

Where is the liver is located?

Back 519

under diaphragm

Front 520

WHat are four primary lobes of the liver?

Back 520

(1)right lobe (2)left lobe (3)caudate lobe (4)quadrate lobe

Front 521

NAME
this has four primary lones: right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe

Back 521

lobes of the liver

Front 522

Bile leaves the liver through the (1)

Back 522

several bile ducts

Front 523

How does bile leave the liver?

Back 523

through several bile ducts

Front 524

What is the common hepatic duct?

Back 524

is several small bile ducts fused together

Front 525

NAME
refers to several small bile ducts that are fused together

Back 525

common hepatic duct

Front 526

(1) are also called Kupffer cells

Back 526

hepatic macrophages

Front 527

Hepatic macrophages are also called (1)

Back 527

Kupffer cells

Front 528

What are Kupffer cells?

Back 528

remove debris such as bacteria and worn out blood cells from the blood as it flows past

Front 529

NAME
this removes debris such as bacteria and worn out blood cells from the blood as it flows past

Back 529

Kupffer cells

Front 530

What can hepatocytes do?

Back 530

(1)produce bile (2)process the bloodborne nutrients in various ways (3)store fat-soluble vitamins (4)play important roles in detoxification such as riding the blood of amonia

Front 531

NAME
these cells can produce bile, process the bloodborne nutrients in various ways, store fat soluble vitamins, and play important roles in detoxification such as riding the blood of amonia

Back 531

hepatocytes

Front 532

Secreted bile flows through tiny canals called (1)

Back 532

bile canaliculi

Front 533

Secreted (1) flows through tiny canals called bile canaliculi

Back 533

bile

Front 534

WHat is hepatitis?

Back 534

is the inflammation of the liver

Front 535

NAME
is the inflammation of the liver

Back 535

hepatitis

Front 536

What is the most often cause of hepatitis?

Back 536

viral infections

Front 537

(1) and (2) are linked to chronic and liver cirrhosis

Back 537

(1)HV B (2)HVC

Front 538

HV B and HV C are linked to (10

Back 538

chronic and liver cirrhosis

Front 539

(1) is mutated virus that needs HVB to be infectious

Back 539

HV D

Front 540

HV D is a mutated virus that needs (1) to be infectious

Back 540

HV B

Front 541

40% of the hepatic cases are due to (1), which is transmited via blood transfusions, contaminatd needles, and sexual contact

Back 541

HVB

Front 542

How is HV B spread? (3)

Back 542

(1)blood tranfusions (2)contaminated needles (3)sexual contact

Front 543

What is HV A?

Back 543

typically found in day care areas that are not clean (2)can be transmitted through contaminated food, raw shellfish, water and by the oral fecel route

Front 544

NAME
this is accounts for 30% of cases, is frequently observed in day centers, and can be transmited through contaminated food, raw shellfish, water, and by the oral fecal route

Back 544

HV A

Front 545

What is HV E?

Back 545

it causes waterborn epidemics largely in developing countries and is a major cause of the death in pregant women

Front 546

NAME
this causes waterborn epidemics largely in developing countries and is a major cause of the death in the pregrant women

Back 546

HV E

Front 547

What are some non-viral causes of hepatitis?

Back 547

include drug toxicity and wild mushroom poisining

Front 548

NAME
this can be caused by drug toxicity and wild mushroom poisining but normally is caused by a viral infection

Back 548

non-viral causes

Front 549

What is cirrhois?

Back 549

is the chronic inflammation of the liver

Front 550

nAME
is the chronic inflammation of the liver

Back 550

cirrhois

Front 551

What causes cirrhois?

Back 551

chronic alchololism and severe chronic hepatitis

Front 552

NAME
this can be caused by chronic alcholosim and severe chronic hepatitis

Back 552

cirrhois

Front 553

What happens to chronic alcholics?

Back 553

the alcholol poisned or damaged hepatocytes regenerate , but the liver's connective scar tissue regenerates faster. As a result, the liver becomes fatty and fibrous and its actitivty is depressed

Front 554

What is causes portal hypertension?

Back 554

it happens as scar tissue shrinks, it obstructs blood flow through out the hepatic portal system

Front 555

NAME
this is caused when scar tissue shrinks, and it obstructs blood flow through out the hepatic portal system

Back 555

portal hypertensions

Front 556

What is bile?

Back 556

is a yellow-green alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments,, cholestral, neutral fats, phospholipids, and a variety of electrocytes

Front 557

NAME
is a yellow-green alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholestral, neutral fats, phospholipids, and a variety of electrocytes

Back 557

bile

Front 558

What are the only parts of bile that aid in the digstive process? (2)

Back 558

(1)bile salts (2)phospholipids

Front 559

Bile salts and phospholipids are the only parts of bile that (1)

Back 559

aid in the digestive process

Front 560

What is the primary role of bile salts?

Back 560

to emulsify fat

Front 561

NAME
thier primary role is to emulsify fat

Back 561

bile salts

Front 562

What does emulsify fats mean?

Back 562

to distribute them throughout the watery intestinal contents

Front 563

NAME
this means to distribute them them throughout the watery intestinal contents

Back 563

emulsify fats

Front 564

What can bile salts do other than emulsify fats? (2)

Back 564

facilitate fat and cholestral absorption and help solubilze cholestral

Front 565

NAME
these faciliate fat and cholestral absorption and help solubilze cholestral

Back 565

bile salts

Front 566

T or F
bile salts leave the body through the feces

Back 566

false

Front 567

Do bile salts leave the body through the feces?

Back 567

no they are recycled

Front 568

What is enteroheptic circulation?

Back 568

refers to the recycling of bile salts

Front 569

NAME
refers to the recycling of bile salts

Back 569

enterohepatic circulation

Front 570

What are happens during the enterohepatic circulation? (2)

Back 570

(1)bile salts are reabsorbed into the blood by the ileum (2)they are returned to the liver via the hepatic portal blood (3)resecreted in newly formed bile

Front 571

NAME
during this, bile is reabsorbed by the ileum, returned to the liver via the hepatic portal blood, and then resecreted in newly formed bile

Back 571

enterohepatic circulation

Front 572

during enterohepatic circulation, bile salts are reabsorbed into the blood by the (1)

Back 572

ileum

Front 573

During the enterohepatic circulation, (1) are reabsorbed into the blood by the ileum

Back 573

bile salts

Front 574

During the enterohepatic circulation, bile salts are returned to the liver via the (1) and then resecreted in newly formed bile

Back 574

hepatic portal blood

Front 575

What is the cheif bile pigment?

Back 575

bilirubin

Front 576

NAME
this is the cheif bile pigment

Back 576

bilirubin

Front 577

What is bilirubin?

Back 577

is a waste product of the heme of hemoglobin formed during the breakdown of worn out erythrocytes

Front 578

NAME
is a waste product of the heme of the hemeoglobin formed during the breakdown of worn out erythrocytes

Back 578

bilirubin

Front 579

What is urobilinogen?

Back 579

is one of the breakdown products of bilirubin that gives feces its brown color

Front 580

What gives feces its brown color?

Back 580

urobilinogen

Front 581

NAME
this is one of the breakdown products of bilirubin that gives feces its brown color

Back 581

urobilinogen

Front 582

What is secretin?

Back 582

is released by intestinal cells when exposed to fatty chyme which stimulates liver cells to secrete bile

Front 583

NAME
this is released by intestinal cells when exposed to fatty chyme which stimulates liver cells to secrete bile

Back 583

secretin

Front 584

NAME
bile is stored here

Back 584

gallbladder

Front 585

NAME
this is a thin-walled green muscular sac that stores bile

Back 585

gallbladder

Front 586

T or F
the gallbladder stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion and concentrates it by absorbing some of its watery and ions

Back 586

true

Front 587

When the gallbladers wall contracts, bile is expelled into its duct, the (1)and then flows into the bile duct

Back 587

cystic

Front 588

Bile does not usally enter the the small intestine until the (1)

Back 588

gallbladder contracts

Front 589

What does CCK stand for?

Back 589

choleystokinin

Front 590

When is CCK released?

Back 590

it is released to the blood when acdic, fatty chyme enters the duodenum

Front 591

NAME
this is released into the blood when acdic, fatty chyme enters the duodenum

Back 591

CCK

Front 592

What are (3) important affects that CCK can have?

Back 592

(1)cause the gallbladder to contract (2)it stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice (3)relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter so that bile and pancreatic juice can enter the duodenum

Front 593

NAME
this can cause the gallbladder to contract, stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice, and relaxes the hepatopancreatic spincter so that bile and pancreatic juice can enter the duodenum

Back 593

CCK

Front 594

NAME
these help to keep cholestral cyrstallization forming

Back 594

bile salts

Front 595

What causes gallstones?

Back 595

to much cholestral or to little bile salts

Front 596

NAME
to much cholestral or too few bile salts can lead to this

Back 596

gallstones

Front 597

What does jaundiced refer to?

Back 597

the yellowing of the skin

Front 598

NAME
this refers to the yellowing of the skin

Back 598

jaundiced

Front 599

NAME
this is a soft, tadpole shaped gland across the abdomen from its tail to its head which is encirlced by the C shaped duodenum

Back 599

pancreas

Front 600

What is the digestive function of the pancreas?

Back 600

it produces enzymes that break down all categories of food stuffs which the pancreas then delviers to the duodenum

Front 601

NAME
this produces enzymes that break down all catergories of food stuffs which it then delivers tot he duodenum

Back 601

pancreas

Front 602

What is pancreatic juice?

Back 602

is the exocrine product (foodstuff broken down by enzymes)

Front 603

What is the main pancreatic duct?

Back 603

is where the pancreatic juice drains from the pancreas to enter the bile duct then the duodenum

Front 604

NAME
this is where the pancreatic juice drains from the pancreas to enter the bile duct then the duodenum

Back 604

the main pancreatic duct

Front 605

Where does the pancreatic juice go once it leaves the pancreas?

Back 605

the main pancreatic duct to the bile duct to the duodenum

Front 606

W/in the pancreas are (1) which are clusters of secretory cells

Back 606

acini

Front 607

Where are acini found?

Back 607

in the pancreas

Front 608

NAME
these cells are full of rough er and ehibit deeply staining zymogen granules

Back 608

acini

Front 609

Acini are full of rough er and exhibit deeply staining (1)

Back 609

zymogen granules

Front 610

NAME
these glands in the pancreas have alpha and beta cells the produce insulin and glycagon

Back 610

pancreatic islets

Front 611

What does the pancreatic juice do?

Back 611

neutrlizes the acdic environment from the stomach

Front 612

NAME
this neutrlizes the acdic environment from the stomach

Back 612

pancreatic juice

Front 613

What does the pancreatic juice mostly consist of?

Back 613

water and electrocyltes

Front 614

NAME
its high pH enable s it to neutralize acid chyme entering the duodenum and provides the optimal environment for activity of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes

Back 614

pancreatic juice

Front 615

What prevents the duodenum from digesting its self?

Back 615

pancreatic proteases

Front 616

What activates trypsin?

Back 616

enterokinase

Front 617

NAME
this is activated by enterokinase

Back 617

trypsin

Front 618

what does Trypsin do?

Back 618

activates carbozypeptidase and chymotrypsin

Front 619

NAME
this activates carbozypeptidase and chymotrypsin

Back 619

trypsin

Front 620

What regulets the secretion of pancreatic juice?

Back 620

local hormones and the parasympathetic nervous system

Front 621

What stimulates the release of secretin?

Back 621

the presence of HCL

Front 622

NAME
this is stimualted by the presence of HCL

Back 622

secretin

Front 623

What does secretin?

Back 623

targets the duct cells prompting thier release of watery bicarbonate rich pancraetic juice

Front 624

NAME
this targets the duct cells prompting thier release of watery bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice

Back 624

secretin

Front 625

When is CCK release?

Back 625

in reponse to protiens and fats

Front 626

NAME
this is released in response to the presence of fat and protiens

Back 626

CCK

Front 627

How does CCK infleunce pancreatic secretion?

Back 627

by stimulating the acini cells to release enzyme rich pancraetic juice

Front 628

NAME
this can also stimulate the acini cells to release enzyme rich pancreatic juice

Back 628

CCK

Front 629

Normally, the amount of HCL produced in the stomach is eaxtly balanced by the (1)

Back 629

bicarbonate

Front 630

Normally, the amount of (1)produced in the stomach is exactly balanced by the amount of bicarbonte

Back 630

HCL

Front 631

Why does the pH of the venous blood returning to the heart remain relativly unchanged?

Back 631

bc alkaline blood draining from the stomach is neutralized by the acdic blood draining from the pancreas

Front 632

bc the alkaline blood draining from the stomach is neutralized by the acdic blood draining from the pancreas this helps to(1)

Back 632

keep the pH of the venous blood returning to the heart at a constant pH

Front 633

The alkaling blood draining from the (1) is neutralized by the acdic blood draining from the (2)

Back 633

(1)stomach (2)pancreas

Front 634

T or F
the stomach and the small intestines do play a part in ingestion and defecation

Back 634

false

Front 635

What are the primary functions of the small intestine? (2)

Back 635

(1)digestion (2)absorption

Front 636

NAME
this organs primary functions are digestion and absorption

Back 636

small intestines

Front 637

Optimal digestive activty in the small intestnes also depend on a (1)

Back 637

a slow, measured delivery of chyme into the stomach

Front 638

Whay does the digestive activty in the small intestine depend on a slow, measured delivery of chyme into the stomach?

Back 638

bc if large amounts of chyme were rushed into the small intestine, the osmotic water loss from the blood into the intestinal lumen would result in dangerously low blood volume

Front 639

if (1)the osmotic water loss from the blood into the intestinal lumen would result in dangerously low blood volume

Back 639

large amount of chyme were rushed into the small intestines

Front 640

What controls the movement of food into the small intestine?

Back 640

by the pumping actions of the stomach pylrous

Front 641

nAME
the pumping actions of the stomach pylrous helps to do this

Back 641

control the movement of food into the small intestines to prevent the duoduneum from being overwhelemend

Front 642

What are three features that the large intestine exhbits that are not seen anywhere else? (3)

Back 642

(1)teniae coli (2)haustra (3)epiplpic apendages

Front 643

NAME
this organ has three unique features not seen anywhere else: teniae coli, haustra, and the epiplplic apendages

Back 643

large intestines

Front 644

What is the teniae coli?

Back 644

is three bands of smooth muscle found int he large intesine

Front 645

NAME
this is three bands of smooth muscle found in the large intestine

Back 645

teniae coli

Front 646

What are epiploc apendages?

Back 646

are small fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the surface

Front 647

nAME
are small fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum that hang from the surface of the large intestine

Back 647

epiploc apendages

Front 648

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?

Back 648

(1)cecum (2)appendix (3)colon (4)rectum (5)anal canal

Front 649

NAME
this organ subdivisions are cecum, appendix, coloin, rectum, and anal canal

Back 649

large intestine

Front 650

What is the cecum?

Back 650

is saclike and is the first part of the large intesine

Front 651

nAME
this is saclike and is the first part of the large intestine

Back 651

cecum

Front 652

NAME
this plays in important part in body immunity and consist of masses of lymphoid tissue and as a part of MALT

Back 652

vermiform appendix

Front 653

What is one bad thing about hte appendix?

Back 653

its twisted structure provides an ideal location for enteric bacteria to accumulate and multiply

Front 654

NAME
this, its twisted structure provides an ideal location for enteric bacteria to accumulate and muliply

Back 654

appendix

Front 655

What is appendicitis?

Back 655

is the acute inflammation of the appendix

Front 656

NAME
is the acture inflammation of the appendix

Back 656

appendicitis

Front 657

Why is appendicitis most common during adolescence?

Back 657

bc that is when the entrance to the appednix is the widest

Front 658

What is the cause of appendixits?

Back 658

blockage that traps infectious bacteria in its lumen

Front 659

NAME
this often results from blockage that traps infectious bacteria in its lumen

Back 659

appendicitis

Front 660

NAME
this is the last segment of the large intestine

Back 660

anal canal

Front 661

What do the internal and external anal sphincter do?

Back 661

act like purse strings to open and close the anus

Front 662

NAME (2)
these act like purse strings to open and close the anus

Back 662

internal and external sphincter

Front 663

How is the large intestines 4 layers differ from other ograns? (3)

Back 663

(1)the mucosa is simple epithelieum except in the anal canal (2)the mucosa layer is thicker and the cyrpts are deeper (3)the mucosa of the anal canal has the anal sinuses

Front 664

NAME
this organs mucosa is simple eptiehlia in the anal canal, it is thicker, has deeper cyrpts, and the mucosa of the anal canal has the anal sinuses

Back 664

large intestines

Front 665

What layer of the large intestines is differ?

Back 665

the mucosa

Front 666

Why does the mucosa of the anal canal not have simple columnar epithlia?

Back 666

bc most of the food is absorbed before the large intestine, so there is no cillia, villi, and no cells that secrete digestive enzymes

Front 667

What does the mucos produced by goblet cells in the large intestine help to do?

Back 667

eases the passage of feces and protects the intestinal wall from irriating acids and gases released by resident bacteria in the colon

Front 668

NAME
this helps to ease the passage of feces and protects the intestinal wall from irriating acids and gases released by resident bacteria in the colon

Back 668

mucus produced by the goblet cells in the large intestine

Front 669

What are the anual sinuses?

Back 669

exude mucus when compressed from feces

Front 670

NAME
this exude mucus when compressed from feces

Back 670

anual sinuses

Front 671

What is the pectinate line?

Back 671

is the horizontal line that parallels the inferior margins of the anal sinuses

Front 672

NAME
this is the horizontal line that parellels the inferior margins of the anal sinuses

Back 672

pectinate line

Front 673

T or F
altough most bacteria entering the cecum are dead, some are still alive and kicking

Back 673

true

Front 674

T or F
except for the small amount of digestion of that resdiue by the baceria flora of the large intestine no further breakdown ocurs

Back 674

true

Front 675

What does the bacteria flora of the large intestine do?

Back 675

(1)syntheizes some vitamins such as B and K (2)ferment some of the ingestible carbs

Front 676

NAME
these syntheize some vitamins such as B and K and ferment some of the ingestible carbs

Back 676

bacteria flora

Front 677

What are the primary functions of the large intestine?

Back 677

(1)propulsive activies that force the fecal material toward the anus and then elimenate them from the body

Front 678

NAME
this organs main function is propulsive activies that force the fecal material toward the anus and then elimanate it from the body

Back 678

large intestine

Front 679

t or f
the large intestine is essential for life

Back 679

false

Front 680

What is ilesotomy?

Back 680

is when the colon is removed bc of cancer and the terminal ileum is brought out to the abdominal wall

Front 681

NAME
is when the colon is removed bc of cancer and the terminla ileum is brought out to the abdominal wall

Back 681

ilesotomy

Front 682

What is ileonal juncture?

Back 682

a surfically procedure that links the ileum directly to the anal canal

Front 683

NAME
is a surgically prodecuret that links the ileum directly to the anal canal

Back 683

ileonal juncture

Front 684

What is verticula?

Back 684

small herniations of the mucuosa through the colon walls

Front 685

NAME
are small herinations of the mucuosa through the colon walls

Back 685

verticula

Front 686

Why do verticula form?

Back 686

if ones deit lack bulk, the colon narrows and its contractions become more powerful and increases the pressure on the walls

Front 687

NAME
this is caued if ones deit lacks bulk which causing hte colon narrow and its contraction become more powerful and increases the pressure on the walls

Back 687

verticual form

Front 688

What is diverticulitis?

Back 688

is when the diverticoula become inflamed

Front 689

NAME
is when the diverticoula becomes inflammed

Back 689

diverticulitis

Front 690

What is defection reflex?

Back 690

this is a spinal cord mediated parasympathic reflex that causes the sigmoid colon and the rectum to contract and the anal sphincters to relax

Front 691

NAME
this is a spinal cord mediated parasympathic reflex that causes the sigmoid colon the rectum to contract and the anal sphincters to relax

Back 691

defection reflex

Front 692

What is diarrhea?

Back 692

watery stools

Front 693

NAME
these are watery stools

Back 693

diahrea

Front 694

What causes diahera?

Back 694

any condition that rushed food through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficant time to absorb the remaining water

Front 695

NAME
this is caused by any condition that rushes food through the large intestine before that organ has had sufficant time to absorb the remaining water

Back 695

diahrea

Front 696

What is constipation?

Back 696

is when too much water is absorbed and the stool becomes hard and diffcult to pass

Front 697

NAME
is when too much water is absorbed and the stool becomes hard and diffuclt to pass

Back 697

constipation

Front 698

What is chemical digestion?

Back 698

is a catabolic process in which large food molecules are broken down to monomers which are small enough to absorbed by the GI tract lining

Front 699

NAME
is a catabolic process in which large food molecules are broken down to monomer which are small enough to be absorbed by the GI tract lining

Back 699

chemical digestion

Front 700

What is the def of hydrolis from a chemical digetion prespective?

Back 700

the enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecules

Front 701

NAME
this is the enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecules

Back 701

hydrolysis

Front 702

What is hydrolysis?

Back 702

is the addition of a water molecule to each molecular bond to be broken

Front 703

NAME
this is the addition of water molecule to each molecular bond to be broken

Back 703

hydrolysis

Front 704

What are monosacchrides?

Back 704

are the monomers of carbs and are absorbed immediatly w/out any further ado

Front 705

NAME
these are the monomers of carbs and are absorbed immediatly w/out any further ado

Back 705

monosaccharides

Front 706

NAME
this are simple sugars

Back 706

monosaccharides

Front 707

What are three common monosaccahrides that are common in our diet? (3)

Back 707

(1)glucose (2)frutose (3)galactose

Front 708

Glucose, fructose, and glaactose are the (1)

Back 708

most common monsaccrides in our diet

Front 709

What is salivary amylase?

Back 709

starts the break down of starch and disacahrides into olgioasaccharides and disaccharides in the mouth

Front 710

NAME
this starts the break down of strach and disacahrides into olgioasaccharides and disaccharides in the mouth

Back 710

salivary amylase

Front 711

What is pancreatic amylase?

Back 711

finishes the break down of starch and disacharides into olgioasaccharides and disaccharides in the mouth

Front 712

NAME
this finished the break down of strach and disachardies into oligoasaccharides and disaccharides in the mouth

Back 712

pancreatic amylase

Front 713

Where does salivary amyalse work?

Back 713

in the mouth

Front 714

Where does pancreatic amyalse work?

Back 714

in the small intestines

Front 715

What does amylase digest?

Back 715

strach

Front 716

What do the brush border enzymes in the small intestine do?

Back 716

further break down oligosaccharides and disaccahrides into monosacrides

Front 717

NAME
these further break down oligosaccharides and disaccahrides inot monosacrides

Back 717

the brush border enzymes in the small intestine

Front 718

What are some brush border enzymes in the small intestine/ (5)

Back 718

(1)dextrinase (2)glucoamylase (3)maltose (4)sucrase (5)lactase

Front 719

What do dextrinase and glucoamylase? (2)

Back 719

act on oligosaccharides to break them down into three simple sugars

Front 720

NAME (2)
these brush border enzymes act on oliogasaccharides to break them down into three simple sugars

Back 720

dextrinase and glucoamylase

Front 721

Draw a diagram that shows how protien digestion ocurs be sure to label the enzymes and where the activity ocurs

Back 721

p 926

Front 722

What does pepsin do?

Back 722

breaks down protiens into large polypeptides in the stomach

Front 723

NAME
these breaks down protiens into large polypetides in the stomach

Back 723

pepsin

Front 724

Where can pepsin be found?

Back 724

in the stomach glands in the presence of HCL

Front 725

NAME
this digestive enzyme is found in the stomach glands in the presence of HCL

Back 725

pepsin

Front 726

What do the pancreatic enzymes do?

Back 726

break down large polypeptides into small polypeptides and small peptides

Front 727

NAME
these break down large polypeptides into small polypeptides and small peptides in the small intestine

Back 727

pancreatic enzymes

Front 728

What do the brush broder enzymes do in the small intestine?

Back 728

break down small polypetides and small peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

Front 729

NAME
these break down small polypetides and small peptides into amino acids in the small intestine

Back 729

brush border enyzmes in the small intestine

Front 730

Where can pancreatic enzymes be found?

Back 730

small intestine

Front 731

the monosaccahrides and glactose are absorbed via (1) w (2)

Back 731

(1)cotransport (2)sodiom ions

Front 732

Amino acids are absorbed via (1) w (2)

Back 732

(1)cotransport (2)sodiom ions

Front 733

How are amino acids absorbed?

Back 733

w cotransport w sodiom ions

Front 734

How are monasaccarides glucose and glactose absorbed?

Back 734

w cotransport w sodiom ions

Front 735

How is frutose absorbed ?

Back 735

passes through facilliated difusion

Front 736

All monosaccrides enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the (1) via the (2)

Back 736

(1)liver (2)hepatic portal viens

Front 737

NAME (3)
these are absorbed v cotransport via sodium ions

Back 737

(1)monosaccrides glucose and galactose (2) amino acids

Front 738

What are the (3) complex monosacrides?

Back 738

(1)lactose (2)maltose (3)sucrose

Front 739

T or F
pepsin cannot work in the stomach bc of the acdic environment

Back 739

false

Front 740

Pepsin works in (1)

Back 740

acdic conditions

Front 741

What does the carboxypeptidase do?

Back 741

splits off one amino acid at a time from the polypeptide chain that bears the carboxyl group

Front 742

NAME
this enzyme splits off one amino acid at a time from the polypetide chain that bears the carboxyl group

Back 742

carboxypeptidase

Front 743

Draw a diagram depicting the chemical digestmesion of protiens. be sure to label the enzymes and thier site of action

Back 743

p 926

Front 744

How does fat digestion start out/

Back 744

by unemulsifed fats are emulsifed by the ditergent action of bile salts ducted in from the liver

Front 745

NAME
this is emulsfied by the ditergent action of bile salts ducted in from the liver

Back 745

uneumulsifed fats

Front 746

Unemuslfied fats are emulsifed by the detergent action of (1) ducted in by the liver

Back 746

bile salts

Front 747

What does pancreatic lipase do?

Back 747

breaks down emulsifed fats into monoglyercides and fatty acids, and glyceral and fatty acids in the small intestine

Front 748

NAME
this breaks down emulsifed fats inot monoglycerides and fatty acids, and glyceral and fatty acids in the small intestine

Back 748

pancreatic lipase

Front 749

Where does pancreatic lipase do its job?

Back 749

in the small intestine

Front 750

How are nucelic acids absorbed?

Back 750

active transport via membrane carriers absorbed into the capillary blood in viilli and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vien

Front 751

NAME
these are asborbed by active transport via membrane carriers absorbed into the capillary blood in villi and transported to the liver via hepatic portal vien

Back 751

nucelic acids

Front 752

NAME
this organ is essentiall the sole site of lipid digetsion

Back 752

small intestine

Front 753

NAME
these are fat digesting enzymes

Back 753

lipases

Front 754

Fats need speacil treatment w (1) to be digested and absorbed into the watery environment

Back 754

bile salts

Front 755

How do bile salts work?

Back 755

(1)they have both polar and nonpolor regions (2)their nonpolar parts cling to fat molecules and thier polar parts allow them to repel each other and interact with water

Front 756

NAME
these have polor and nonpolar regions. thier nonpolar regions cling to fat molecules and thier polar regions allow them to repel each other and interact with water

Back 756

bile salts

Front 757

the nonpolar regions of bilesalts cling to (1) and thier polar regions allow them to (2)

Back 757

(1)fat molecules (2)to repel each other and interact with water

Front 758

Both DNA and RNA are hydrolized by thier to thier nucleodide monomers to(1)

Back 758

pancratic nucleases

Front 759

What are pancreatic nucleases?

Back 759

hydrolize DNA and RNA into thier nucleotide monomers

Front 760

NAME
these hydrolize DNA and RNA into thier nucleotide monomers

Back 760

pancreatic nucleases

Front 761

What is ribonuclease?

Back 761

breaks down RNA into its monomers

Front 762

NAME
this breaks down RNA into its monomers

Back 762

ribonuclease

Front 763

NAME
this breaks down DNA into its monomers

Back 763

deoxyribonuclease

Front 764

What is deoxyribonuclease?

Back 764

breaks down DNA into its monomers

Front 765

What are the brush border enzymes, nucleosidaes and phosphatases?

Back 765

release the free bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions of nucleic acid

Front 766

NAME
these release the free bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate ions of nucleic acid

Back 766

the brush border enzymes, nucleodidases and phosphatases

Front 767

(1) of elecotrocytes, and mot of water are absorbed in the small intestines

Back 767

80%

Front 768

Most nutrients are absorbed through the (1)

Back 768

mucosa of the intestinal villi by active transport

Front 769

Where does nucleic acid digestion ocur in?

Back 769

the small intestine

Front 770

Where does fat ingestion ocur in?

Back 770

the small intestine

Front 771

Where does protien digestion start?

Back 771

in the stomach

Front 772

Where does protien digestion end?

Back 772

in the small intestine

Front 773

Where does carb digestion start?

Back 773

in the mouth

Front 774

Where does carb digestion end?

Back 774

in the small intestine

Front 775

Draw the digestion of lipids, be sure to include the enzymes and thier site of action

Back 775

p 926

Front 776

Draw the digestion of nucleic acids

be sure to include the enzymes used and thier site of action

Back 776

p 926

Front 777

T or F
whole protiens ar not usually absorbed

Back 777

true

Front 778

Why do some babies have food allergies? (3)

Back 778

bc in rare cases whole protiens can be taken up by endocytosis and release into the opposite side of the epithelia cell (2)this reflects the immaturity of the infants immune system (3)thier immune system "see" the intact protiens as antigenic and mounts an attack

Front 779

What are micelles?

Back 779

are collections of fatty elements clustered together w bile salts in such a way that poloar end molecules face the water and nonpolor molecules form the core

Front 780

NAME
are collections of fatty elements clustered together w bile salts in such a way that polar end molecules face the water and nonpolar molecules face the inner core

Back 780

micelles

Front 781

The small intestine absorbs (1) the large intestine absorbs (2)

Back 781

(1)dietary vitamins (2)vitamins B andK

Front 782

NAME
this organ absorbs dietary vitamins

Back 782

small intestine

Front 783

NAME
this organ absorbs vitamins B and K

Back 783

the large intestine

Front 784

(1) of water is absorbed by the small intestine by osmois

Back 784

95%

Front 785

What is malabsorption?

Back 785

is impaired nutrient absorption

Front 786

NAME
this is impaired nutrient absorption

Back 786

malabsorption

Front 787

What can malabsorption result from?

Back 787

anything that interferes w the delivery of bile or pancreatic juice

Front 788

NAME
this can be caused by anything that interfers with delivery of pancreatic juice to the small intestine

Back 788

malaabsorption

Front 789

What is adult celiac disease?

Back 789

is a conidtion in which a protien called gluten damages the intestinal villi and reduces the length of the microvilli of the brush border

Front 790

NAME
this is a conidtion in which a protien called gluten damages the intestinal villi and reduces the length of microvilli of the brush border

Back 790

celiac disease

Front 791

adult celiac disease is also called (1)

Back 791

gluten anteropathy

Front 792

(1) is also called gluten anteropathy

Back 792

adult celiac disease

Front 793

Give a ex of malabsorption

Back 793

adult celiac disease

Front 794

adult celiac disase is a ex of (1)

Back 794

malaabsorption