Chapter 22 - Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

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Janssen

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Dutch inventor of the 1st microscope

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Copernicus

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Polish cleric and astronomer who said that the sun was the center of the universe

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Torricelli

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developed the 1st mercury barometer; a tool used for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather.

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Boyle

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pioneered the use of the scientific method in chemistry and introduces the Law that volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.

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Celsius

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Swedish astronomer who created another scale for mercury thermometer that showed freezing at 0 degrees.

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Kepler

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Danish astronomer who studies the movement of the planets and proved the fact that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.

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Aristotle

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Greek philosopher from the fourth century B.C. who believed that the earth was the center of the universe.

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Newton

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English Scientist who developed the universal law of gravitation

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Leewenhoek

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Dutch scientist who first observed swimming bacteria in a microscope

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Fahrenheit

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German physicist who made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass and showed water freezing at 32 degrees

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Brahe

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Danish astronomer who recorded the movement of planets for many years

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Jenner

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British physician who introduced the smallpox vaccine

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Galan

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Greek physician that studied human anatomy by dissecting pigs and animals

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Ptolemy

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Greek philosopher from the second century B.C. who expanded the theory that the earth was at the center of the universe

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Vesalius

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Flemish physician who dissected human corpses and published observations.

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Geocentric Theory

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in the Middle Ages, the earth-centered view of the universe in which scholars believed that the earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe

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Heliocentric Theory

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the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

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Galileo

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Italian scientist who built the first telescope in 1609

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Scientific Revolution

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a major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

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Voltaire

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He believed FREEDOM OF SPEECH and was jailed and thrown out of France because of these thoughts

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John Locke

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He supported self-government and argued that the purpose of government is to protect and argued that the purpose of government is to protect the NATURAL RIGHTS of people. If government fails to protect these natural rights, he said, citizens have the right to overthrow it.

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Montesquieu

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He wrote a famous book On the Spirit of the Laws, which he purposed THREE BRANCHES of government and a system of CHECKS AND BALANCES.

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Thomas Hobbes

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He believed that ll humans were born innocent and that civilization corrupts people's natural goodness and wanted to get rid of the nobility.

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Diderot

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He created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays. He called it Encyclopedia.

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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Stood up for WOMEN'S RIGHTS

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Rousseau

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He believed that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked and believed in the SOCIAL CONTRACT

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Beccaria

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He brought about the JUSTICE SYSTEM. Against cruel and unusual punishment.

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Social Contract

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An agreement by which people create a government by handing over their rights to a strong ruler

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Enlightenment

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A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individuals to solve problems (belief in progress, more worldly outlook, and faith in science)

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Philosophe

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one of a group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment, wanted progress for society

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Baroque

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relating to a grand, ornate style that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s

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Neoclassical

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relating to a simple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts in Europe during the late 1700s.

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Salon

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a social gathering of intellectuals and artists and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment

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enlightened despot

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one of the 18th century European monarchs who was inspired by Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the rights of subjects (ex. Catherine the Great, Frederick The Great, Joseph the II)

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The 5 Main Goals/beliefs of the philospohes

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1. Reason

2. Nature

3. Happiness

4. Progress

5. Liberty

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Scientific Method

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a logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypothesis.

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Chapter 22

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