Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List 2 basic types of movements associated with the muscular layer
|
mixing movement and propeling movement
|
|
|
what is the peritoneum
|
the largest serous membrane it covers the abdominal organs and lines the abdominal cavity
|
|
|
define the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum
|
parietal is the outer layer lines the cavity
visceral is inner layer that covers the organs |
|
|
what is mastication
|
when the mouth recives food and begins the mechanical breakdown of food by mastication (chewing)
|
|
|
what is bolus
|
its the food all chewed up with saliva
|
|
|
what is salivary amylase
|
the enzyme that is secreted in saliva
|
|
|
what are the 3 things that make up the palate
|
the hard palate (upper jaw)
the soft palate (skeletal muscle) uvula (projection on free edge of soft palate) |
|
|
what is the purpose of the uvula
|
prevents food from going up your nose
|
|
|
what are the 3 things that make up your tongue
|
lingual frenulum
papillae hyoid |
|
|
what is lingual frenulum
|
connects tongue to floor of the mouth
|
|
|
what is papillae
|
rough projections on the tongue's surface (taste buds)
|
|
|
what is hyoid
|
bone that anchors the root of the tongue
|
|
|
what are the 3 salivary gland in the mouth
|
parotid under and in frt of ears (exocrine)
submandibular beneath the base of tongue sublingual beneath the front of tongue |
|
|
what are the functions of the papillae
|
contains tastebuds and texture helps to grab food for chewing
|
|
|
what is the composition of saliva
|
99.5% water, salivary amylase-enzyme
lysozyme-attacks bacteria, antibodies-proteins, mucin-glycoprotein |
|
|
what is peristalsis
|
wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that moves food through the alimentary canal
|
|
|
what are the 3 stages of swallowing
|
voluntary stage
pharyngeal stage esophageal stage |
|
|
what is the voluntary stage of swallowing
|
where the tongue forces the bolus to the back of the oral cavity
|
|
|
what is the pharyngeal stage of swallowing
|
breathing stops as food moves down the pharnyx
|
|
|
what is the esophageal swtage of swallowing
|
bolus moves down esophagus by peristalsis
|
|
|
what is the swallowing reflex
|
movement of the uvula and eppiglottis
|
|
|
what is the role of the circular smooth muscle layer in peristalsis
|
constrict to push food down
|
|
|
what is the role of the longitudinal smooth muscle layer in peristalsis
|
dialates to receive the food being pushed down
|
|
|
what is the gastroesophageal sphincter
|
valve like structure located between the stomach and esophagus prevents the stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus
|
|
|
what are mixing waves
|
gentle rolling of peristalsis in the stomach performing the mechanical digestion of the stomach
|
|
|
what is pepsin
|
enzyme that begins the chemical breakdown of protein
|
|
|
what are the 4 parts of the stomach
|
cardia area surrounding superior opening
fundus areaabove and left of the cardia body large central portion of the stomach pyloric narrow inferior portion of the stomach |
|
|
what are rugae
|
thick folds of mucus membrane (allows the stomach to stretch)
|
|
|
what is the pyloric sphincter
|
valve like structure between stomach and small intestine
|
|
|
what is the gastric pit
|
small openings in the mucosa
|
|
|
what is the gastric glands
|
exocrine gland cells lining the gastric pits
|
|
|
what is gastric juice
|
mixture of mucus, pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin) and HCL (hydrocloric acid) all of this located in gastric pits
|
|
|
what is chyme
|
mixture of bolus and gastric juice
|
|
|
how is the secretion of gastric juice stimulated
|
stimulated PSN (parasmpathetic Nervous System and the gastrin
|
|
|
How is the secretion of gastric juice inhibited
|
by the presence of food in the small intestine
|
|
|
what is the main site ofr nutrient absorption
|
the small intestine
|
|
|
where is mechanical digestion completed
|
in the small intestine
|
|
|
what is segmentation
|
localized contraction that brings chyme into contact with the wall of the small intestine
|
|
|
How is chemical digestion done
|
by pancreatic enzymes and intestinal enzymes and bile completing the breakdown of carbs and begining the breakdown of fats
|
|
|
what are the 3 parts of the small intestine
|
duodemum 1st part
jejunum middle portion ileum last and longes portion |
|
|
what is the mesentery
|
double layer of peritoneum that secures the small intestine to the post interior abdominal wall
|
|
|
what is the ileocecal spincter
|
valve like structure between small intestine and large intestine
|
|
|
what is the structure of the small intestinal wall
|
villi projections of mucous membrane
circular folds permanent ridges in the mucosa duodemal glands secret and alkaline mucus into the lumen |
|
|
what is the brus border of the small intestine
|
itsthe fuzzy appearance of the villi and its also where enzymes are housed and pancreatic enzymes too
|
|
|
what are lacteals
|
lymphatic capillaries that absorb fat
|
|
|
how do the circular fold and intestinal villi enhance absorption in the small intestine
|
increase the surface area
|
|
|
what does the large intestine do
|
absorbs water and electrolytes
forms and stores feces |
|
|
what is the good bacteria in your colon called and what does it do
|
intestinal flora completes the chemical breaddown of any molecules that resist the actions of human enzymes like (cellulose)
|
|
|
what are the 4 parts of the large intestine
|
cecum pouch inferior to the ileum
colon long tube with 4 divisions rectum region from the sigmoid to the anus anal canal terminal 1" of the rectum |
|
|
what arethe 4 divisionsof the colon
|
1 ascending
2 transverse 3 decending 4 sigmoid |
|
|
where is the appendix located
|
attached to the cecum
|
|
|
what is the haustra of the large intestine
|
series of pouches that line the colon
|
|
|
what is the teniae coli of the large intestine
|
bands of muscle fibers that esert tension to form the haustra
|
|
|
what is haustral churning
|
muscular contraction of the haustra that moves the feces
|
|
|
what is mass peristalsis
|
large wave of contraciton that moves contents from the colon to the rectum
|
|
|
what micronutrients are formed in the large intestine
|
vitamin k and vitamin B
|
|
|
what is bile and where is it produced
|
produced in the liver contains bile salts, bile pigmentsk cholesterol and electroytes
|
|
|
what does bile salts do
|
they breadkown fats and are the only bile substance that aid in digestion
|
|
|
How does bile leave the liver and get into the small intestine
|
transported from the liver through the right and lelft hepatic ducts that unite into the common hepatic duct to the small intestin
|
|
|
what are the 3 major functions of the liver
|
carbohydrate metabolism
lipid metabolism protein metabolism |
|
|
How does carbohydrate metabolism work
|
stores glucose as glycogen or breaks down glycogen to form glucose
converts protein and lactic acid to glucose |
|
|
how does lipid metabolism work
|
synthesizes lipoproteins, phospho lipids, and cholestrol
converts carbohydrates and protein molecules into fats |
|
|
how does protein metabolism work
|
synthesizes plasma proteins and removes nitrogen from protein to form urea (deamination)
converts certain amino acids to form other amino acids |
|
|
what minerals and vitamins are stored by the liver
|
iron
vitamin A and D (fat soluable) and B12 |
|
|
how does the liver aid the spleen in filtering the blood
|
it removes damaged RBC's thru macrophages
|
|
|
what is the function of the gallbladder
|
store and concentrate the bile
|
|
|
what are the exocrine products that the pancreas secretes
|
digestive enzymes
bicarbonate ions (these raise pH) |
|
|
what is in the pancreatic juice
|
pancreatic amylase breaks down carbs
trypsin breaks down protein pancreatic lipase breaks down lipids |
|
|
what 2 hormones stimulate the release of pancreatiac juice
|
secretin stimulates release of bicarbonate ion
cholecystokinin releases digestive enzymes |
|
|
what organ secretes secretin and cholecystokinin hormones
|
produced by small intestine
|
|
|
what is an ulcer
|
lesion in mucus membrane due to a bacterial infection
|
|
|
what is gastric reflux disease (GERD)
|
back up of stomach contents into esophagus
|
|
|
what is hiatal hernia
|
portion of stomach protrudes into a weakened area of diaphragm
|
|
|
what is jaundice
|
buildup of bile pigments turn skin yellow
|
|
|
what is hemmorrhoids
|
enlarged rectal veins caused by anything that causes pressure
|
|
|
what lifesthyle changes can prevent or cure gastric reflux disease
|
diet non acid food no caffeine no smoking decrease stress
|
|
|
what lifestyle changes can prevent or cure hemorrhoids
|
eat fiber aids movement of feces and drink alot of water
|
