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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-is the study of the heart and the diseases associated with it.
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Cardiology
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How many liters of blood does the heart pump in a day? in a year?
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Day- 14,000 liters
Year- 10 million liters |
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How long are the blood vessels?
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60,000 miles
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What is the pointed end of the heart called?
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Apex
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What is the broad portion of the heart called?
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Base
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-a sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
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Pericardium
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-connected to the diaphragm and open at the base of the heart. It holds the heart in place and allows for beating of the heart.
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Outer fibrous pericardium
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-forms a double layer around the heart, and each secretes a serous fluid.
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Inner serous pericardium
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-surrounds the heart cavity.
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Parietal pericardium
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-covers the surface of the heart. Also called the epicardium.
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Visceral pericardium
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What is the space between the two pericardiums called? And what does it contain?
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Pericardial cavity; Contains 5-30 ml of fluid
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When fluid builds up in the pericardial cavity what occurs?
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Pericarditis
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When pericarditis causes pressure on the heart it is called what?
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Cardiac Tamponade
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-outermost layer of the heart.
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Epicardium
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-cardiac muscle layer that is the bulk of the heart.
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Myocardium
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-chamber lining and valves that is continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels.
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Endocardium
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-infection of the inner lining of the heart.
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Endocarditis
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Cardiac muscle fibers ________ diagonally around the heart in interlacing ________.
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Swirl; bundles
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-the two upper chambers of the heart.
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Atria
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-the two lower chambers of the heart.
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Ventricles
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-grooves on the surface of the heart contain coronary blood vessels and fat.
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Sulci
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Where does the right atrium receive blood from?
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Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
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-a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale which is an opening between the atria which close shortly after birth.
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Fossa ovalis
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-seperate the right atria and right ventricle. It is made of 3 cusps composed of dense connective tissue covered by endocardium,
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Tricuspid valve
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-papillary muscles extend from walls of ventricles.
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Right ventricle
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-cords between the valve cusps and papillary muscles which attach the valves to the papillary muscles.
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Chordae tendinae
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-valve at the beginning of the pulmonary artery. Takes blood to the lungs.
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Pulmonary semilunar valve
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-receive blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins.
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Left atrium
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-separates the left atrium and left ventricle and has 2 cusps.
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Bicuspid valve (mitral)
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-the chamber with the largest muscles because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body.
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Left ventricle
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-separates the left ventricle from the ascending aorta.
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Aortic semilunar valve
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What are atria thin walled?
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They only deliver blood to the ventricles.
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Why are the ventricle walls thicker and stronger?
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The right supplies blood the the lungs and the left to the rest of the body.
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Why do the atrioventricular valves close?
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To prevent backflow of blood into the atria.
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-occurs when the valve does not close completely and blood leaks back into the atrium.
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Mitral valve prolapse
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-open with ventricular contraction to allow blood to flow in to the pulmonary trunk and aorta. Close with ventricular relaxation to prevent blood from returning to the ventricles.
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Semilunar valves
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-circulation that does from the left ventricle to the body. (Oxygen)
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Systemic circulation
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-circulation that goes from the right ventricle to the lungs. (No oxygen)
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Pulmonary circulation
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-carry blood away from the heart.
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Arteries
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-carry blood to the heart.
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Veins
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-blood supply to the heart.
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Coronary circulation
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-cells fire spontaneously and act as a pacemaker to form the conduction system for the heart.
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Autorhythmic cells
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-acts as the pacemaker of the heart. Made of a cluster of cells in the wall of the atrium. Begins an action potential that spreads to both atria.
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Sinoatrial node
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-located in the atrial septum and transmits a signal to the bundle of His.
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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-connection between the atria and ventricles. Allows for wavelike contraction instead of the entire heart contracting at once.
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AV bundle of His
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-measures action potentials of all active cells.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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-atrial depolarization. (contraction)
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P wave
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-conduction time from atrial to ventricular excitation.
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P to Q interval
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-ventricular depolarization (contraction).
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QRS complex
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-ventricular repolarization (relax).
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T wave
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-phase of contraction.
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Systole
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-phase of relaxation.
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Diastole
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-the volume of blood ejected per beat (cardiac cycle) from each ventricle is 70 ml.
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Stoke volume
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-irregularity in heart rhythm.
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Arrhythmias
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-heart rate is usually slower of stops completely.
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Atrioventricular block
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-atria contract at about 300 bpm.
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Atrial flutter
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-atria contract at about 400-600 bpm (reduces heart effectiveness by 20-30%)
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Atrial fibrillation
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-ventricles contract 400-600 bpm (can quickly cause death)
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Ventricular fibrillation
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-slow heart rate.
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Bradycardia
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-fast heart rate.
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Tachycardia
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-the measure of the pressure of the ventricles.
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Systolic pressure
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-the measure of the pressure remaining in the atria.
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Diastolic pressure
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Where does the sounds of the heartbeat come from?
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Turbulence in blood flow caused by valve closure
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-the first heart sound and is created with the closing of the atrioventricular valves at the beginning of ventricular systole.
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Lubb
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-the second heart sound and is created with the closing of the semilunar valves at the beginning of the ventricular diastole.
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Dupp
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-the amount of blood pumped into the aorta by the left ventricle or in to the pulmonary trunk by the right ventricle.
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Cardiac output
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-increased blood volume causes increased force of contraction. The greater the force of contraction the greater the health of the health.
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Frank-Starling law of the heart
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-increase the heart rate and force of contraction.
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Sympathetic impulses
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-decrease the heart rate.
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Parasympathetic impulses
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-detect change in the blood pressure and send information to the cardiovascular center. Located in the arch of the aorta and in the carotid arteries.
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Baroreceptors
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-high blood cholesterol level
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Hyperlipidemia
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-mostly fats and contribute to the formation of fatty plaques.
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Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
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-mostly fats and are associated with the formation of fatty plaques.
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Low-density lipoproteins
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-mostly proteins and help remove excess cholesterol from circulation.
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High-density lipoproteins
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-occurs due to the heart receiving insufficient blood supply. Narrowing of the vessels due to atheroschlerosis, artery spasm, or clot.
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Coronary artery disease
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-fatty deposits in the walls of the arteries.
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Atheroschlerosis
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-"heart attack"- death of an area of the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen. The tissue is replaced with scar tissue.
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Myocardial infarction
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-use clot dissolving drugs such as streptokinase or tPA and heparin to dissolve the clot or balloon angioplasty.
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Blood clot blocking coronary circulation
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-heart pain from ischemia of cardiac muscle due to blockage or hypoxia.
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Angina pectoris
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-abnormal sounds of the heart.
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Heart murmur
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-narrowing of mitral opening from scar formation or congenital defect.
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Mitral stenosis
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-backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium from damaged chordae tendinae.
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Mitral insufficiency
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-narrowing of aortic semilunar valve.
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Aortic stenosis
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-backflow from aorta into the left ventricle.
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Aortic insufficiency
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-mitral valve protrudes into the left atrium (10% of the population).
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Mitral valve prolapse
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-ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta to bypass lungs during fetal life. If it remains open following birth it causes hypoxia.
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Patent Ductus Arterios
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-combination of 4 defects- an interventricular septal defect, an aorta that emerges from both ventricles instead of from the left ventricle only, a stenosed pulmonary semilunar valve, and an enlarged right ventricle.
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Tetrology of Fallot
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-deliver blood from the fetus to the placenta to dump waste and gases into the mothers blood. It is low in oxygen and high in waste.
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2 umbilical arteries
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-carries blood to the fetus to deliver oxygen and nutrients provided by the mother. It is high in oxygen and rich in nutrients.
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1 umbilical vein
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If the left side fails, the heart becomes less effective and more blood remains in the ventricle. The heart is overstretched and even more blood remains. The blood backs up into the lungs as pulmonary edema. The result is suffocation and lack of oxygen to the tissues.
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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
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If the right atrium fails to receive blood the fluid builds up in tissues as peripheral edema.
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Congestive Heart Failure
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What are the causes of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)?
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Coronary artery disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, valve disorders, and congenital defects.
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What are risk factors for heart disease?
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High blood cholesterol, high BP, cigarette smoking, obesity, and lack or regular exercise.
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The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary trunk branches into the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the lungs for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart in the pulmonary veins.
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Pulmonary circulation
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The left side of the heart pumps blood through the body. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta. The aorta branches into many arteries that travel to organs. The arteries branch into many arterioles in the tissue. The arterioles branch into thin-walled capillaries for exchange of gases and nutrients. The deoxygenated blood begins its return in venules. The venules merge into being and return to the right atrium.
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Systemic circulation
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What does the blood do?
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Delivers nutrients and picks up wastes
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What does the heart do?
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Pumps blood through the blood vessels
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The heart is _____ shaped and about the same size as a ___________.
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cone; closed fist
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The heart is about ______ long, _____ at the broadest point, and _____ thick.
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12 cm long, 9 cm at the broadest, and 6 cm thick.
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The heart has a mass of ______ in females and _______ in males.
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8 oz female; 10 oz male
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The heart rests on the _______ near the middle of the thoracic cavity in the ________.
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diaphragm; mediastinum
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