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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reproduction
CHROMOSOMAL SEX |
Determined by the fertilizing sperm cells
XY chromosomal sex is male XX chromosomal sex is female |
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BARR BODY
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The inactive X chromosome in A female somatic cell
can be seen on the nucleus of neutrophils |
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Differentiation of Indifferent Gonads:
Y chromosome contains ? |
sex-determining region in the Y chromosome (SRY)
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SRY encodes the ?
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testis-determining factor (TDF)
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TDF is a DNA-binding _________ that enhances other transcription factors
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PROTEIN
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_______promotes the formation of testes from embryonic gonads:
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TDF
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Seminiferous tubules appear within ?
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day # 43-50
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Seminiferous tubules appear within day 43-50, and produce:
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*Germinal cells: sperms
*Nongerminal cells: Sertoli cells |
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Leydig cells secrete?
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testosterone (T)
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Leydig cells - secrete testosterone (T) to:
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*Masculinizes embryonic structures
*Secretion of T declines to very low levels until puberty |
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Absence of Y chromosome and TDF result in:
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female develop OVARIES (follicles don't appear until day 105)
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Chromosomal sex determines ?
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GONADAL SEX
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Chromosomal sex determines gonadal sex, which in turns determines __________?
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PHENOTYPIC SEX
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Development of Accessory Sex Organs-
Mullerian inhibition factor stands for? |
(MIF)
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In male, MIF secreted from _________ ________ of the seminiferous tubules > __________ of the Mullerian ducts
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SERTOLI CELLS
REGRESSION |
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In female, without MIF, Mullerian ducts developed into _____________ and _________?
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UTERUS
UTERINE TUBE |
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Testosterone and Wolffian ducts- In male, __________ > growth and development of the _____ _______ into male sex accessory organs (epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory duct)
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TESTOSTERONE
WOLFFIAN DUCTS |
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Dihydrotestosterone =
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(DHT)
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Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) > ________, scrotum, and ________.
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PENIS
PROSTRATE |
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
___________releases _______ (LHRH) into hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels. |
HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH |
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Anterior pituitary secretes __________?
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GONADOTROPINS
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Anterior pituitary secretes gonadotropins:____ (luteinizing hormone)
____ (follicle-stimulating hormone) |
LH
FSH |
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What is secreted to prevent desensitization and down regulation of receptors?
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PULSATILE FASHION
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Peptides - _______?
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INHIBIN
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During puberty what cause the GnRH increase (go up)?
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MATURATIONAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN
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During puberty what effects sex steroid hormones?
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(arrow down) SENSITIVITY of gonadotropin to negative feedback
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___________from adipocytes may be required for puberty.
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LEPTIN SECRETION
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM-Structure of testis
GERMINAL epithelium is for _____. |
spermatogeneisis
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM-
_____cells _____ _____, and contain _____ ________ |
SERTOLI
SECRETE INHIBIN FSH RECEPTORS |
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LEYDIG cells
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secrete T, contain LH receptors
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Functions of the Testes
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Production of TESTOSTERONE (endocrine)
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ANABOLIC effects 3 THINGS:
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*Initiate and maintenance of body changes in puberty
*Stimulates growth of muscles, larynx, and bone (until sealing of the epiphyseal discs) *Erythropoiesis – promote hemoglobin synthesis |
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Production of sperms
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SPERMTOGENESIS
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TESTOSTERONE
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is needed for meiosis and early stage of sperm maturation
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FSH
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is required for later stage of spermatid maturation
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Name the 3 PARACRINE REGULATORS:
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TGF, IGF-1, and INHIBIN
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SPERMIOGENESIS
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The process to produce spermatozoa
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SPERMIOGENESIS
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*Maturation of spermatozoa
*Phagocytosis of cytoplasm by the Sertoli cells – cytoplasm is eliminated |
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Form blood-testes barrier-Functions of Sertoli Cells
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Prevents AUTOIMMUNE destruction of sperm
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Produce _____ ligand >binds to the ______on T cells > apoptosis of T cells >prevents immune attack
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FAS
FAS R’ |
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FSH + FSH R’ on Sertoli cells>
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secrete INHIBIN
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What do Seminal vesicles secrete?
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PROSTAGLANDINS
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Erection is controlled by _______, ________ and _____ region of ______ cord.
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CEREBRUM
HYPOTHALAMUS SACRAL SPINAL |
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What is PARASYMPATHETIC?
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stimulation of erectile tissues
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NO is the ___________?
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neurotransmitter
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Emission is Stimulated by __________ nervous system through peristaltic contraction of the tubular system
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SYMPATHETIC
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Ejaculation is caused by
__________ stimulation causes contraction of testes, seminal vesicles, prostate and muscles |
SYMPATHETIC
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Ovarian cycle
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At LATE GESTATION- FIRST MEIOSIS(not complete) >primary oocytes (diploid)
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Ovarian cycle
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At birth - 2 x 106 primary OOCYTES
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FSH stimulates ________ ________growth.
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GRANULOSA CELL
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Primary follicles contain primary oocytes.FSH stimulates granulosa cell growth and this
develops into secondary ________. |
FOLLICLES
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Primary follicles contain primary oocytes.FSH stimulates granulosa cell growth and this develops into secondary follicles. Then into Mature into a _______ follicle.
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GRAAFIAN
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1st meiotic division completed =
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(secondary oocyte)
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FSH stimulation >=
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GRANULOSA CELLS produce ESTROGEN
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Granulosa cells form a ring (_______ ______) around oocyte and form mound (_____ _____), together called _______.
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CORONA RADIATA
CUMULUS OOPHORUS CUMULUS CELLS |
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LH stimulates _____ graafian follicle >ovulation, _____ > and ________.
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ONE
OTHERS ATRESIA |
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Endocrine control of ovulation
Growth of follicles = Stimulation of ovulation= |
FSH
LH |
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Pituitary FSH> -(ARROW UP) FSH R’ on granulosa cells >follicles more sensitive to FSH > (ARROW UP) # of granulosa cells > ARROW UP _____ ______ ______ ______ ______
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E2 SECRETION FROM GRANULOSA CELLS
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Toward the end of the phase:
Rapid (ARROW UP) in E2 from granulosa cells > (ARROW UP) frequency of ________GnRH pulses > ARROW UP ______ ______. |
HYPOTHALAMIC
LH SECRETION |
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Ovulatory phase (D14) and positive feedback of E2
____ _____ >____ _______ (D13) à wall of graafian follicle ruptures (D14) |
E2 PEAK
LH SURGE |
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CL secretes ____ > exerts _______ feedback on secretion of LH and FSH
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P4
NEGATIVE |
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CL also secretes ____ > potentiates ____ _____ ___ ____ on secretion of LH and FSH
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E2
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK of P4 |
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No fertilization (ARROW UP) CL regresses > ARROW DOWN ____> __________
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P4
MENSTRUATION |
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Contraceptive Pills-Mimic ______ phase> negative feedback >no ovulation
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LUTEAL
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Rhythm method OF CONTRACEPTION- In this method women measure what when they first awake in the morning?
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their body temperature
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Rhythm method-The day of LH surge (ARROW UP)___ ____ ___(ARROW UP)_. _. lowest
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E2
P4 LOW B.T. |
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Rhythm method-
Luteal phase - high P4 > b. t. ___ |
HIGH
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Menopause
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ARROW UP)FSH and (ARROW UP) LH, no E2, P4, inhibin secretion
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WHAT ARE TWO PROBLEMS MENOPAUSE CAUSES?
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*risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases
*risk of osteoporosis |
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Fertilization Process-Capacitation of sperm-
Ejaculated sperms are infertile until? |
They are in the THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT for (GREATER THAN) 7 HRS
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Where does fertilization occur?
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IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
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WHAT IS A Acrosomal reaction?
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Trypsin-like enzymes in acrosome create pore on zona pellucida for sperm penetration
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WHAT HELPS avoid polyspermy?
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Hardening of zona pellucida
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WHAT TAKES PLACE in secondary oocyte?
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Completion of second meiosis
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Growth of Embryo-Blastocyst - D4
______ cell mass - _____Surrounding chorion: ________ form placenta |
INNER
FETUS TROPHOBLASTS |
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Functions of trophoblast-WHAT maintains corpus luteum, prevents menstruation?
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Secretion of hCG (LH-like)
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Embryonic Stem Cells & Reproductive cloning -
What are the two ways Stem cells can divide through mitosis and differentiate into? |
diverse specialized cell types and can self renew to produce more stem cells
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Totipotent (a.k.a omnipotent) stem cells have the ability to:
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create an entire organism, i.e. can differentiate into embryonic and extra-embryonic cell types
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Describe Pluripotent stem cells
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Stem cell that can differentiate into any of the 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, or ectoderm)
Alone can't develop into an organism- lack the potential to develop into extraembryonic tissue (placenta) |
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Which adult stem cells can give rise to a limited number of cell types?
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Multipotent cells
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Embryonic stem cells (ESC)
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are pluripotent cells
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Fetal Circulation-Oxygenated blood moves from the ______ > _______ > enter the
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placenta
umbilical vein fetus |
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Fetal Circulation- path of oxygenated blood moves-the > (part) _____> (part) _____ liver in the ductus venosus > _____ _____ cava, mixes with deoxygenated blood returning from the fetal body (mixed oxygenated blood)
> right atrium > ... |
liver
bypass caudal vena |
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Fetal Circulation -
continued- Right atrium>… (major) through the _____ ovale into left atrium, mixed with deoxygenated blood returning from____> left ventricle >__________ |
foramen
lungs aorta |
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Right atrium >…
(minor) >right ______ > pulmonary artery > (>___%) through ductus _______ to aorta (after branch off to head and forelimbs); (<__%) to lungs |
ventricle
90 arteriosus 10 |
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The abdominal aorta > the rest of the body > _____ arteries > _______
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umbilical
placenta |
