Chapter 20: Fluid And Electrolytes

Front 1

Interstitial Fluid

Back 1

Found between cells or in tissues

Hint 1

One type of extracellular compartment. Examples: lymph, cerebrospinal Fluid, GI secretions.

Front 2

Intravascular Fluid

Back 2

The plasma within the cells

Hint 2

Other type of extracellular compartment. Contains serum, protein, and other necessary substances.

Front 3

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Back 3

Nephrons filter blood at 125 mL/minute, about 180 L/day.

Front 4

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 4

Chemical that supplies energy to perform active transport.

Hint 4

Produced in the mitochondria of cells.

Front 5

Passive Transport

Back 5

Process that moves substances through the cell membrane. 3 types: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Filtration.

Front 6

Diffusion

Back 6

Natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

Hint 6

Results in an equal distribution of solutes

Front 7

Osmosis

Back 7

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Hint 7

2 different solutions are separated by a membrane through which they cannot pass.

Front 8

Hypertonic Solutions

Back 8

Solution that pulls fluid from cells.

Front 9

Isotonic Solutions

Back 9

the body's blood volume w/o causing a fluid shift from one compartment to another.

Front 10

Hypotonic Solutions

Back 10

Solutions that move into cells, causing them to enlarge.

Front 11

Hydrostatic Pressure

Back 11

Force of fluid pressing outward on a vessel wall.

Front 12

Active Transport

Back 12

Process of moving molecules, against pressure, through a membrane using carriers and energy from the cell.

Hint 12

The carriers used are also known as pumps.

Front 13

Electrolyte

Back 13

Substance that develops an electric charge when it dissolves in water.

Front 14

Ions

Back 14

Electrically charged particle.

Front 15

Cations

Back 15

Posititively charged ions.

Front 16

Anions

Back 16

Negatively charged ions.

Front 17

Milliequivalent (mEq)

Back 17

A measure of the chemical activity of an ion.

Front 18

Sodium

Back 18

The most abundant electrolyte in the body. Major extracellular electrolyte. Helps regulate the contractility of muscles. Helps maintain neuromuscular irritability to improve nerve impulse conduction. Source of intake is mainly the diet.

Hint 18

Normal blood level is 135 - 145 mEq/L.

Front 19

Hyponatremia

Back 19

Condition that occurs after vomiting, diarrhea, or an excessive intake of water. The body's attempt to compensate by decreasing water excretion. Water is pulled into the cells, which causes them to be a edematous. As fluid moves into the cells, potassium is shifted out; therefore, the patient is likely have potassium inbalance as well.

Hint 19

Hypo: low

Hyponatremia occurs when the blood sodium level is less than 135 mEq/L.

Front 20

Hypernatremia

Back 20

Condition that occurs when the concentration of sodium is greater than normal. Caused by an excess of sodium or decrease in body water. Causes fluid to shift from the cells to the interstitial spaces, which results in cellular dehydration and an interruption in the cellular processes.

Hint 20

Hyper: high

Hypernatremia occurs when the blood sodium level is greater than 145 mEq/L.

Front 21

Potassium

Back 21

Electrolyte found primarily in the intracellular fluid and is the major intracellular cation. Main function of this electrolyte is the regulation of water and electrolyte content within the cell. Also promotes transmission of nerve impulses and also skeletal muscle function. Assists in the cellular metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins and helps control the hydrogen concentration. When this electrolyte moves out of the cell, sodium and hydrogen ions move in. This results in the regulation of acid-base balance.

Hint 21

Normal blood serum level is 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L.

Front 22

Hypokalemia

Back 22

Condition where most common cause is renal excretion. The kidneys do not conserve and excrete it even when the body needs this elecrolyte. Intestinal fluids contain large amounts of potassium semicolon therefore, with excessive GI losses from suctioning these levels tend to become depleted.

Hint 22

Hypo: low

Occurs when blood potassium level is less than 3.5 mEq/L.

Front 23

Hyperkalemia

Back 23

Condition where the most common cause is renal disease in which this electrolyte is not excreted adequately. If kidney output is also reduced, the result is an elevation in the electrolyte's level.

Hint 23

Occurs when the blood serum potassium level is greater than 5 mEq/L.

Front 24

Chloride

Back 24

An extracellular anion that is really present alone. Usually bound to other ions such as sodium or potassium. Necessary for the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric secretions. Necessary in the regulation of the osmotic pressure between the body's fluid compartments. Also assists in the regulation of acid-base balance. The main route of excretion for this electrolyte is through the kidneys.

Hint 24

Normal blood level is 96 - 106 mEq/L.

Front 25

Hypochloremia

Back 25

Condition usually associated with sodium loss. Vomiting, diarrhea, gastric suctioning, and acute infections all cause a loss of both sodium and this electrolyte.

Hint 25

Occurs when chloride levels fall below 96 mEq/L.

Front 26

Hyperchloremia

Back 26

Condition that occurs when bicarbonate levels fall and metabolic acidosis occurs. The the increase of this electrolytes Indians represent an attempt to compensate and maintain equal numbers with caitians in the body fluid.

Hint 26

Occurs when chloride levels in the blood exceed 106 mEq/L.

Front 27

Calcium

Back 27

A positively charged ion found mainly in the bones and teeth. Remains essentially inactive there until the levels in the blood fall. At that time this is released from the bones in an attempt to raise the blood level.

Hint 27

Normal blood levels should be 4.5 - 5.6 mEq/L.

Front 28

Hypocalcemia

Back 28

Condition that can be caused by chronic renal failure, pancreatic disease and alkalosis.

Hint 28

Occurs when blood levels fall below 4.5 mEq/L.

Front 29

Hypercalcemia

Back 29

Condition that may occur when is electrolytes stored in the bone enter circulation in excess.

Hint 29

Occurs when blood calcium level exceeds 5.6 mEq/L.

Front 30

Phosphorus

Back 30

This mineral is present in every cell of the body but is found mostly in bones and teeth with calcium. This mineral and calcium have an inverse relationship and increase in one causes a decrease in the other. Compounds of this mineral are used as a buffer system to maintain the pH of the blood, and is used to promote the effectiveness of many of the B vitamins. This is a component of DNA and RNA. Assist in normal nerve and muscle activity and is needed in carbohydrate metabolism the main excretion root for this mineral is the kidneys.

Hint 30

Normal serum blood levels are 2.4 - 4.1 mEq/L.

Front 31

Hypophosphatemia

Back 31

Condition associated with muscle weakness, especially with the respiratory muscles; bone and joint pain; and with disorientation and confusion.

Hint 31

When serum blood phosphorus levels drop below 2.4 mEq/dL.

Front 32

Hyperphosphatemia

Back 32

Condition that occurs most commonly as a result of renal insufficiency. Aluminum hydroxide may be used to decreased levels of this mineral.

Hint 32

Occurs when serum blood phosphorus level becomes more than 4.1 mEq/dL.

Front 33

Magnesium

Back 33

The fourth most abundant mineral in the body in the second most abundant caitian in the intracellular fluid. The majority of this mineral is found in the bone. Recognized as a cofactor in the activation of many enzymes. Promotes regulation of serum calcium, phosphate, and potassium levels. Essential for integrity of nerve tissue, skeletal muscle, and cardiac functioning.

Hint 33

Normal blood values are 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L.

Front 34

Hypomagnesemia

Back 34

Conditon associated with decreased potassium levels because the kidneys tend to conserve this mineral by excreting more potassium.

Hint 34

Occurs when serum blood levels fall to less than 1.5 mEq/L

Front 35

Hypermagnesemia

Back 35

Condition that rarely occurs when kidney function is normal.

Hint 35

Occurs when magnesium blood levels exceed 2.5 mEq/L.

Front 36

Bicarbonate

Back 36

One of the main anions in the extracellular fluid. It is an alkaline electrolyte whose major function is the regulation of the acid-base balance acts as a buffer to neutralize acids in the body and maintain the 20:1 ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid that is needed to keep the body in homeostasis.

Hint 36

Normal level is 22 - 24 mEq/L.

Front 37

Acid-base balance

Back 37

The homeostasis of the hydrogen ion concentration in the body fluids.

Front 38

Normal blood pH level

Back 38

7.35 - 7.45

Front 39

Respiratory acidosis

Back 39

Any condition that impairs normal ventilation and prevents the respiratory system from eliminating the appropriate amount of carbon dioxide.

Front 40

Respiratory alkalosis

Back 40

Condition caused by the loss of excessive amounts of carbon dioxide, which result in a low carbonic acid level in the blood. The pH then increases because of the decrease in carbonic acid.

Front 41

Metabolic acidosis

Back 41

Conditon that occurs as a result of a gain of hydrogen ions or loss of bicarbonate. This causes the pH of the blood to fall.

Front 42

Metabolic alkalosis

Back 42

Condition that results when a significant amount of acid is lost from the body or the bicarbonate level increases.