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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Minor v. Happesett
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-Was a United States Supreme Court case concerning the Missouri law which ordained "Every male citizen of the United States shall be entitled to vote."
-Virginia Minor, a leader of the women's suffrage movement in Missouri, alleged that the refusal of Reese Happersett, a Missouri state registrar, to allow her to register to vote was an violation of her civil rights under the 14th Amendment |
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Poll Tax
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-A tax that is a pre-condition of the exercise of the ability to vote.
-This tax emerged in some states of the U.S in the late 19th century as part of the Jim Crow laws. -After the ability to vote was extended to all races by the 15th Amendment, many Southern states enacted poll tax laws -Often included a grandfather clause that allowed any adult male whose father or grandfather had voted in a specific year prior to the abolition of slavery to vote without paying the tax. -These laws made it so African-American and Native American voters as well as poor whites who immigrated after the year specified couldnt vote |
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Williams v. Mississippi
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-A U.S Supreme Court case that reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration.
-The Supreme Court did not find discrimination in the state's requirements for voters to pass a literacy test and pay poll taxes, as these were applied to all voters. |
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Literacy Test
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-The government practice of testing the literacy of potential citizens at the federal level, and potential voters at the state level.
-The federal government first employed literacy tests as part of the immigration process in 1917. Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process as early as the late nineteenth century. |
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Grandfather Clause
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-Contained in new state constitutions and Jim Crow laws in many of the Southern states to prevent blacks, Mexican Americans (in Texas), and certain whites from voting.
-If you father or grandfather voted before a certain year then you were aloud to vote (most black were still in slavery at the reffered year) |
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Homestead Act
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-Legislation granting 160 acres of land to anyone who paid a $10 fee and pledged to live on and cultivate the land for 5 years
-Alothough there was a good deal of fraud, the act encouraged a large migration to the West. -Between 1862 and 1900, nearly 600,000 families claimed homesteads under its provisions |
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Munn v. Illinios
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-A U.S Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture.
-The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. |
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Wabash Decision
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-A Supreme Court decision that severely limited the rights of states to control interstate commerce.
-It led to the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. |
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ICC
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-Interstate Commerce Commison
-Created by Congress in 1887, this agency was authorized to investigate and oversee railroad activities -Also outlawed rebates and pooling agreements -An early attempt to remove certain issues for politics and turn them over to experts, the ICC became a prototype for the federal commissions that regulate many parts of the American economy today. |
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Interstate Commerce Act
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-Refers to a federal law designed to regulate the monopolistic railroad industry.
-The Act required that railroads publicize shipping rates and charge no more for short hauling than for long hauling. -Railroads were also prevented from practicing price discrimination against smaller markets. -The Act created a federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission, which it charged with monitoring railroads to ensure that they complied with the new market standards. |
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Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act
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-A compromise between groups favoring the coinage of silver and those opposed to it
-Called for the partial coinage of silver -Those favoring silver coinage argued that it would add to the currency and help farmers and workers -Those who opposed it pointed out that few other major countries accepted silver coinage -President Rutherford B. hayes vetoed the Bland-Allison bill in 1878, but Congress overrode his veto |
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James G. Blaine
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Blaine was a dominant Republican leader of the late 19th
-A magnetic speaker in an era that prized oratory, and a man of charisma. -A moderate Republican who supported President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. -As a major leader during Reconstruction he took an independent course in his advocacy of black suffrage -He opposed a general amnesty bill, secured the support of the Union veterans who mobilized as the Grand Army of the Republic, worked for a reduction in the tariff and generally sought and obtained strong support from the western states. -Railroad promotion and construction were important in this period, and as a result of his interest and support Blaine was charged with graft and corruption in the awarding of railroad charters. |
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Pendleton Act
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-Passed by Congress in 1883 with the backing of President Chester A. Arthur
-This act sought to lessen the involvement of politicians in the running of the government -It created a bipartisan Civil Service Commission to administer competitive exams to candidates for civil service jobs and to appoint officeholders based on merit -Also outlawed forcing political contributions from appointed officials -Served as the basis for later expansion of professional civil service |
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Mckinley Tariff Act
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-Raised tariffs and brought new trouble to farmers, who were forced to buy high-priced, protected products from American manufacturers but sell their own products into highly competitive, unprotected world markets.
-This equity upset many rural voters, who voted many Republicans out of office in the next congressional elections |
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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-Passed by Congress in 1890, this act was the first major U.S attempt to deal legislatively with the problem of the increasing size of buisness
-Declared illegal "every contract combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy" -Penalties for violations were strict, ranging form fines to imprisonment and even the dissolution of guilty trusts -The law was weakened when the Supreme Court drew a sharp distinction between manufacturing and commerce and ruled that manufacturing was exluded from its coverage nontheless, the law shpaed all future anittrust legislation |
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U.S v. EC Knight
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-Also known as the "'Sugar Trust Case,'"
-Was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies. |
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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-An act that attempted to resolve the controversy over silver coinage
-Under it, the U.S Treasury would purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver each month and issue legal tender for it -The act pleased opponents of silver because it didnt call for free coinage; it pleased proponents of silver because it brought up the most of the nation's silver production |
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Silverites
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-A political group in the United States in the late-19th century that advocated that silver should continue to be a monetary standard along with gold
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Billion Dollar Congress
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-The 51st U.S Congress
-Was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the U.S Senate and the U.S House of Representatives. -It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1889 to March 4, 1891, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison. -The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Tenth Census of the U.S in 1880. Both chambers had a Republican majority. |
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National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union (All the alliances)
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-One of the largest refom movements intAmerican histoy
-The Farmer's Alliance sought to organize farmers in the South and West to fight for reforms that would improve their lot.. including measures to overcome low crop prices, burdensome mortgages, and high railroad rates -Utimately organized a political party, the People's party (Populust party) |
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Ocala Demands
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-A platform for economic and political reform that was later adopted by the People's Party.
-Called for the abolition of national banks; the establishment of sub-treasuries or depositories in every state, which would make low interest direct loans to farmers and property owners; the increase of money in circulation to not less than $50 per capita; the abolishment of futures of all agricultural and mechanical productions; the introduction of free silver; the prohibition of alien ownership of land, the reclamation of all lands held by railroads and other corporations in excess of what was actually used and needed by them, held for actual settlers only; legislation to ensure that one industry was not be built up at the expense of another; removal of the tariff tax on necessities of life; a graduated income tax; |
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Populist Party
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-The People's Party, also known as the "Populists" was a short-lived political party in the U.S established in 1887.
-Based among poor white cotton farmers in the South and wheat farmers in the Plains states -It represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, railroads and elites generally. It sometimes formed coalitions with labor unions, and in 1896 endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan |
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Greenback-Labor Party
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-Also known as the Independent Party, the National Party, and the Greenback-Labor Party
-An American political party with an antimonopoly ideology that was active between 1874 and 1884. -Its name referred to paper money, or "greenbacks," that had been issued during the Civil War and afterward. -The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coin-based monetary -Members were primarily farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873. |
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Industrial Black Friday
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-News of the stock market crash, shatted business confidence
-Railroad and industial stocks plummeted and the next day, several major firms went bankrupt -When the market opend Friday, crowds filled its galleries, anticipating a panic -Within minutes, leading stcoks plunged to record lows, and there was pandemonium on the floor and the streets outside -Was a day of terrible strain long remembered |
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Panic of 1893
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- Aserious economic depression in the U.S that began in that year
-Was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. -Until the 1930's Great Depression, the Panic of '93 was considered the worst depression the United States had ever experienced, primarily because of the greatly increased size of the U.S.economy in the post-Civil War period. |
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Coxey's Army
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-A protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey.
-They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression -It was the first significant popular protest march on Washington |
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Pullman Strike
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-A nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894.
-The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois when 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a strike due to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a stop -The American Railway Union, the nation's first industry-wide union, led by Eugene V. Debs later became apart of this strike |
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In Re Debs
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-U.S Supreme Court decision concerning Eugene V. Debs and labor unions. Debs, president of the American Railway Union, had been involved in the Pullman Strike earlier in 1894 and challenged the federal injunction ordering the strikers back to work where they would face being fired. The injunction had been issued because of the violent nature of the strike. However, Debs refused to end the strike and was subsequently cited for contempt of court; he appealed the decision to the courts.
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Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act
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- A.K.A: The Revenue Act
-Slightly reduced the U.S tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax. -It is named for William L. Wilson, Representative from West Virginia |
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Romanticism vs. Realism
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- Romanticism: was a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution
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Coin's Financial School
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-Was a popular pamphlet written in 1893 that helped popularize the free silver and populist movements.
-The author of the text, William Hope Harvey, would later go on to aid William Jennings Bryan in his bid for the presidency and would run for the presidency himself in the 1930s. -The book was remarkably popular in its day, selling an estimated 1 million copies. |
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William Jennings Bryan
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-Was an American politician in the late-19th and early-20th centuries.
-He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President of the United States -An enemy of gold, banks and railroads, a leader of the silverite movement in the 1890s, a peace advocate, a prohibitionist, and an opponent of Darwinism on religious grounds. |
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Cross of Gold Speech
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-Delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 8, 18963
-The speech advocated bimetallism. Following the Coinage Act (1873), the United States abandoned its policy of bimetallism and began to operate a "de facto" gold standard |
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Gold Standard Act
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-Passsed byCongress in 1900
-This law declared gold the nation's standard of currency, meaning that all curreny in circulation had to be reddemable in gold -The U.S remained on the gold standard until 1933 |
