Chapter 20- Ap2 - Blood Vessel And Circulation

Front 1

List the 3 layers of the vessel wall

Back 1

1. tunica externa (outer)
2. tunica media (middle)
3. tunica intima or interna (inner)

Front 2

Arteries carry blood where?
Veins?
Capillaries?

Back 2

1. away from the heart
2. back to the heart
3. take smallest arteries to veins

Front 3

What are vaso vasorum?

Back 3

small vessels in the tunica externa that supply blood to larger vessels

Front 4

tunica media?

Back 4

thickest and uses smooth, muscle for vasoconstriction and vasodilation to prevent blood from rupturing

Front 5

tunica intima?

Back 5

inner most layer; repels blood cells and platelets;
secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction of vessel

Front 6

What is another name for arteries?

Back 6

resistance vessels

Front 7

Conducting or elastic artery

Back 7

largest; pulmonary, aorta, or carotid

Front 8

Distributing or muscular artery

Back 8

distributes blood to specific organs; femoral and splenic

Front 9

Resistance (small) arteries

Back 9

arterioles control amount of blood to various organs

Front 10

Metarterioles (smallest)

Back 10

short vessels that connect arterioles to capillaries; has precapillary sphincter

Front 11

Aneurysm

Back 11

weak point in an artery or the heart wall; causes pain and can lead to hemmorage

Front 12

Dissecting aneurysm

Back 12

blood separates the walls of the artery by a tear; common in the abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and base of the brain

Front 13

3 categories of arteries

Back 13

1. conducting (large)
2. distributing (medium)
3. resistance (small)

Front 14

Precapillary sphincter?

Back 14

Muscle cells that encircle the entrance to one capillary to constrict and divert blood

Front 15

Carotid sinus

Back 15

The type of arterial sense organ that respond to blood pressure (baroreceptor)

Front 16

Carotid bodies

Back 16

arterial sense organs that are (chemoreceptors) and monitor changes in blood composition and adjust breathing, pH, and O2 and CO2 levels; located near common carotid arteries

Front 17

Aortic bodies

Back 17

arterial sense organs that are (chemoreceptors) located in aortic arch and monitor changes in blood composition.

Front 18

Capillaries

Back 18

connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

Front 19

3 types of capillaries

Back 19

1. continuous - most tissue
2. fenestrated - kidneys, small intestine
3. sinusoids (discontinuous) - liver, bone marrow, spleen

Front 20

Postcapillary venueles?
Muscular venules?
Medium veins?

Back 20

smallest veins
up to 1 mm
up to 10 mm

Front 21

Varicose veins

Back 21

when blood pools in the lower legs in people who stand for long periods stretching the veins

Front 22

Hemorrhoids

Back 22

varicose veins of the anal canal

Front 23

Where does the blood in the portal system flow?

Back 23

through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

Front 24

Arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)

Back 24

when blood flows from an artery directly into a vein, bypassing capillaries

Front 25

Venous anastomosis

Back 25

the most common anastomoses in which one vein empties directly into another:

Front 26

Arterial anastomosis

Back 26

when two arteries merge and provide alternative routes of blood supply to a tissue:

Front 27

Blood flow?
Perfusion?

Back 27

1. the amount of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time
2. the rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue

Front 28

What is hemodynamics?

Back 28

the physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance; F= the change of P/R

Front 29

Blood pressure (BP)

Back 29

the force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

Front 30

Where is bp measured?

Back 30

the brachial artery of the arm using a sphygomomanometer

Front 31

Systolic pressure?
Diastolic pressure?

Back 31

1. peak arterial BP taken during ventricular systole or contraction
2. minimum arterial BP during ventricular diastole or relaxation

Front 32

What is normal BP for a young adult?

Back 32

120/75 mm Hg

Front 33

Pulse pressure

Back 33

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Front 34

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Back 34

measurements taken at intervals of throughout the cardiac cycle OR (diastolic pressure) + (1/3 of pulse pressure)

Front 35

Hypertension?
Hypotension?

Back 35

high blood pressure; causes aneurysms
low resting blood pressure; causes blood loss, dehydration, anemia

Front 36

cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance determine __.

Back 36

blood pressure

Front 37

List 3 things peripheral resistance is determined by.

Back 37

1. blood viscosity (thickness)
2. vessel length
3. vessel radius

Front 38

Vasomotion?
2 types?

Back 38

change in vessel radius
1. vasorestriction - tightening
2. vasodilaton- relaxation

Front 39

Reactive hyperemia

Back 39

blood supply cut off then restored

Front 40

Angiogenesis

Back 40

growth of new vessels

Front 41

Neural control

Back 41

vessels under remote control by the central and autonomic nervous system

Front 42

Vasomotor center

Back 42

in the MO that exert sympathetic control over blood vessels throughout the body; (baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, medullary ischemic reflex)

Front 43

Baroflexes

Back 43

maintains blood pressure in short-term

Front 44

Chemoreflex

Back 44

an autonomic response to changes in the blood stream; receptors are in the aortic bodies and carotid bodies

Front 45

What is the primary and secondary role for changes in blood chemistry?

Back 45

1. adjust respiration (rerouting)
2. vasomotion

Front 46

Medullary ischemic reflex

Back 46

the autonomic response to a drop in perfusion of the brain; inreases HR and BP

Front 47

What does the hormone Angiotensin II do to blood vessels?

Back 47

it is a very potent vasoconstrictor

Front 48

What does the hormone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide do to blood vessels?

Back 48

increases urinary sodium excretions

Front 49

What does Epinephrine and Norepinephrine do to blood vessels?

Back 49

it constricts blood vessels and dilates cardiac and skeletal muscle blood cells

Front 50

Localized vasoconstriction

Back 50

constriction of a specific artery or for a specific organ

Front 51

Where is the most important blood in the body?

Back 51

the capillaries

Front 52

Capillary exchange is the ___

Back 52

2-way exchange movement of fluids across walls

Front 53

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) does what? and results from?

Back 53

draws fluid into the capillaries
results from plasma proteins (albumin)

Front 54

What is oncotic pressure?

Back 54

the difference between the blood COP an the tissue COP

Front 55

Edema

Back 55

is the accumulation of excess in a tissue

Front 56

3 causes of edema

Back 56

1. increased capillary filtration
2. decreased capillary reabsorption
3. reduced capillary absorption

Front 57

Some mechanisms of Venous return include:

Back 57

pressure gradient, gravity, skeletal muscles for pumping, thoracic pumps, and cardiac suction

Front 58

Venous return?

Back 58

the flow of blood back to the heart; exercise helps this

Front 59

Circulatory shock?

Back 59

any state where cardiac output is insufficient to meet metabolic needs

Front 60

cardiogenic shock?

Back 60

inadequate pumping of heart (MI)

Front 61

Low venous return (LVR) shock

Back 61

cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart

Front 62

hypovolemic shock?
obstructed venous return shock?
venous pooling (vascular) shock?

Back 62

1. most common, loss of blood
2. tumor or aneurysm
3. long periods of standing

Front 63

neurogenic shock?
septic shock?
anaphylactic shock?

Back 63

4. loss of vasomotor tone, emotional shock
5. bacterial toxins
6. immune reaction to antigen, histamine release

Front 64

Hypercapnia is when?
Hypocapnia is when?

Back 64

1. CO2 levels increase in brain, pH decreases, vasodilation
3. raises pH, vasoconstriction, hyperventilation

Front 65

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)?

Back 65

brief episodes of lack of blood to the brain (cerebral ischemia), mini stroke

Front 66

Cerebral vascular accident (CVA)?

Back 66

stroke, sudden death of brain due to lack of blood

Front 67

What happens to arterioles during exercise?

Back 67

they dilate in response to epinephrine and sympathetic nerves