Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
identify the contributions of paul ehrilich and alexander flemming to chemotherapy |
Flemming: in 1928 discover penicillin |
|
|
name the microbes that produce the most antibodies |
bacteria (Gram positive), fungi, and actinomycetes more than half of the antibiotics are found to be produced by actinomycetes |
|
|
chemotherapy |
the use of drugs to treat disease |
|
|
antibicrobial drugs |
interfere with the growth of microbes within a host |
|
|
antibiotic |
a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe |
|
|
selective toxicity |
killing harmful microbes without damaging the hosts |
|
|
describe the problems of chemotherapy for viral, fungal, protozoan, and helminthic infections |
they posses eukaryotic cells as host, thus, the anti drugs will also damage surrounding cells of the eukaryotic host |
|
|
define narrow range spectrum of activity |
when an antiboiotic acts specifically to the targeted microorganism or its similar group |
|
|
define broad spectrum of activity |
when an antibiotic acts on different microorganisms or groups; usually done when the targeted pathogen or its nature is not properly known |
|
|
define superinfection |
when an antibiotic is ineffective o er a microorganism, it infects more than the normal situation |
|
|
identify five modes of action of antimicrobial drugs |
1. inhibiting cell wall synthesis 2. inhibiting protein synthesis 3. injuring the plasma membrane 4. inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis 5. inhibiting the synthesis of essential metabolites |
|
|
bactericidal |
kill microbes directly |
|
|
bacteriostatic |
prevent microbes from growing |
|
|
list the advantages for semisynthetic penicillins |
the natural occuring beta lactam rings side chain -overcome the problem of narrow range -become resistant to the enzyme beta lactamase/ penicillinase |
|
|
list the advantages to cephalosporins |
inhibition of cell wall synthesis -resistant to penicillinases |
|
|
list the advantages to vancomycin |
a glycopeptide that is obtained from streptomyces species. -narrow spectrum -solves the problem of resistance to semisynthetic antibiotics called MRSA -last line of defense against staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
explain why isoniazid (INH) and ethambutal are antimycobacterial agents |
INH antibiotics inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids ethambutanol inhibits mycolic acid incorporation into the cell wall |
|
|
how does aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis |
have amino groups linked to sugars by glycosidic bond -they change the same of the 30s ribosomes and misreads the genetic code on mRNA -Active on gram negative bacteria -streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin -broad spectrum |
|
|
how does tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis |
-inhibits the attachment of charged tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex -especially active chlamydia and rickettsia -broad spectrum |
|
|
how does chloramphenicol inhibit protein synthesis |
-binds 50s subunit and inhibits peptide bond formation |
|
|
how does macrolides inhibit protein synthesis |
-inhibit protein synthesis in gram positive bacteria -binds 50s; prevents translocation |
|
|
glycylcyclines as protein synthesis inhibitors |
MRSA and acinetobacter baumanii
-bind 30s subunit -inhibit translation |
|
|
oxazolidinones as protein synthesis inhibitors |
binds 50s subunit prevent formation of 70s ribosome -linezolid -MRSA |
|
|
antihelminthic drugs |
niclosamide: prevent ATP generation -tapeworms praziquantel: alters membrane permeability -flatworms mebendazolee and albendazole: interfere with nutrient absorption -intestinal roundworms ivermectin: paralysis of helminths -intestinal roundworms |
|
|
antiprotozoan drugs |
chloroquine:inhibits DNA synthesis -malaria artemisinin: kills plasmodium sporozoites metronidazole: interferes with anaerobic metabolism -trichomonas and giardia |
|
|
antifungal drugs inhibition of ergosterol synthesis |
polyenes: amphotericin B azoles: miconazole; triazole allylamines: for azole-resistant infections |
|
|
antifungal drugs inhibiting cell wall synthesis |
echinocandins: inhibit synthesis of beta glucan -used against candida and pneumocystis |
|
|
antifungal drugs that inhibit nucleic acids |
Fluctyosine: cytosine analog interferes with RNA syntheis pentamidine isethionate: anti-pneumocustis; may bind DNA |
