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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define respiratory defense system.
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The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination by debris and pathogens.
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What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
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The respiratory mucosa lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract.
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Why can cystic fibrosis become lethal?
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Cystic fibrosis is a lethal, inherited disease that results from the production of dense mucus that restricts respiratory passages and accumulates in the lungs. Massive chronic bacterial infection of the lungs inhibits breathing, leading to death.
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List the components of the upper respiratory system.
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The components of the upper respiratory system are the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
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Trace the pathway of air as it enters the upper respiratory system.
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Pathway of entering air: external nares-> nasal cavity-> nasal vestibule (guarded by hairs that screen out large particles) -> superior, middle, and inferior meatuses (air bounces off the conchal surfaces)-> internal nares (the connections between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx)-> nasopharynx-> oropharynx-> laryngopharynx-> larynx.
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Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity important?
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The rich vascularization of the nasal cavity delivers body heat to the nasal cavity, so inhaled air is warmed before it leaves the nasal cavity. The heat also evaporates moisture from the epithelium to humidify the incoming air.
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Identify the paired and unpaired cartilages that compose the larynx.
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The unpaired laryngeal cartilages are the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and epiglottis. The paired cartilages are the arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages, and cuneiform cartilages.
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What are the highly elastic vocal folds of the larynx also called?
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The highly elastic vocal folds of the larynx are also called the vocal cords.
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Distinguish between phonation and articulation.
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Phonation is the production of sound; articulation is the clarity of the sound and is provided by the involvement of the tongue, teeth, and lips.
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List the functions of the trachea.
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The trachea transports air between the larynx and primary bronchi. The cilia and mucous secretions of tracheal epithelial cells also protect the respiratory tree by trapping inhaled debris and sweeping it toward the pharynx.
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What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow?
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The C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow room for the esophagus to expand when food or liquids are swallowed.
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Trace the pattern of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract.
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Pathway of airflow along the lower respiratory tract: trachea-> primary bronchi-> secondary bronchi-> tertiary bronchi-> terminal bronchioles-> pulmonary lobule.
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Define bronchopulmonary segment.
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A bronchopulmonary segment is a specific region of a lung supplied by a tertiary bronchus.
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Name the lobes and fissures of each lung.
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The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure; in the right lung, the horizontal fissure separates the superior lobe from the middle lobe, while the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.
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Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity.
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Within the thoracic cavity, the left and right lungs are located within the left and right pleural cavities, respectively. The apex of each lung extends superiorly to the first rib, and the base of each lung extends superiorly to the first rib, and the base of each lung rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm.
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Define pulmonary lobule.
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Pulmonary lobules are the smallest subdivisions of the lungs; each is supplied by branches of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and tertiary bronchi.
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What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced
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Without the surfactant, the alveoli would collapse due to the high surface tension in the thin layer of water that moistens the alveolar surfaces.
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Trace the path of airflow from the glottis to the respiratory membrane.
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Path of airflow from glottis to the respiratory membrane: glottis-> larynx-> trachea-> primary bronchus-> bronchi-> bronchioles-> terminal bronchiole-> respiratory bronchiole-> alveolar duct-> alveolar sac-> alveolus-> respiratory membrane
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Define Boyle's law.
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Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
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What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs?
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The movements of the diaphragm and ribs affect the volume of the lungs.
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What pressure determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract?
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The intrapulmonary pressure (the pressure inside the respiratory tract) and the atmospheric pressure (the pressure outside the respiratory tract) determines the direction of airflow. Air moves from the area with the higher pressure to the area with the lower pressure.
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Name the various measurable pulmonary volumes.
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The measurable pulmonary volumes are the resting tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume (ERV), residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).
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Identify the primary inspiratory muscles.
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The primary inspiratory muscles are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.
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When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active?
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The accessory respiratory muscles become active whenever the primary respiratory muscles are unable to move enough air to meet the oxygen demands of tissues.
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Define respiratory rate.
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The respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.
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How does the respiratory minute volume differ from alveolar ventilation?
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Respiratory minute volume is the amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory tract each minute, whereas alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. Because some of the air never reaches the alveoli but instead remains in the anatomic dead space, alveolar ventilation is smaller than respiratory minute volume.
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Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why.
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Slow deep breaths ventilate alveoli more effectively, because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spend moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space of the lungs.
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Define Dalton's law.
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Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture.
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Explain the decrease in Po2 from the pulmonary venules to the blood arriving in the peripheral capillaries of the systemic circuit.
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The Po2 decreases from about 100 mm Hg to 95 mm Hg in the pulmonary veins due to mixing with venous blood from the ocnducting passageways. The blood arriving at the peripheral capillaries has a Po2 of 95 mm Hg.
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What is the significance of Henry's law to the process of respiration?
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Henry's law states that, at a given temperature, the amount a particular gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. Henry's law underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid.
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Define oxyhemoglobin.
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Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin to which oxygen molecules have bound.
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Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin.
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BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) is a compound that reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. For any partial pressure of oxygen, if the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.
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During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to activate skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?
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The combination of increased temperature and lower pH (from heat and acidic waste products generated by active skeletal muscles) causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen than when the muscles are at rest.
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Identify three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream.
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Carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as bicarbonate ions, bound to hemoglobin, or dissolved in the plasma.
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Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.
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Driven by differences in partial pressure, oxygen enters the blood at the lungs and leaves it in peripheral tissues; similar forces drive carbon dioxide into the blood at the tissues and into the alveoli at the lungs.
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How would blockage of the trachea affect blood pH?
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Blockage of the trachea would interfere with the body's ability to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Because most carbon dioxide is transported in blood as bicarbonate ions formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid, an inability to eliminate carbon dioxide would result in a buildup of excess hydrogen ions, which would lower blood pH.
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Define compliance and resistance.
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Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil; resistance is a indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs.
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Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs).
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Three COPDs are asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
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Compare chronic bronchitis with emphysema.
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Chronic bronchitis is longstanding inflammation of the mucous membranes in the bronchial tubes; emphysema is a condition in which the alveolar surfaces of the lungs are destroyed and alveoli merge, which reduces respiratory surface area and oxygen absorption, causing breathlessness. Individuals with chronic bronchitis are described as blue bloaters, whereas those with emphysema are described as pink puffers.
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Name the paired CNS nuclei that adjust the pace of respiration.
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The pairs of CNS nuclei that adjust the pace of respiration are the apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers in the pons.
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Which brain stem centers generate the respiratory pace?
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The respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata generate the respiratory pace.
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Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers?
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The pH, Po2, and Pco2 in blood and cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers.
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Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia.
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Hypercapnia is an increase in the Pco2 of arterial blood above the normal range; hypercapnia is an abnormally low arterial Pco2.
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Are chemoreceptors more sensitive or less sensitive to plasma levels of CO2 than they are to plasma levels of O2?
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Chemoreceptors are more sensitive to carbon dioxide levels than they are to oxygen levels.
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Little Johnny is angry with his mother, so he tells her that he will hold his breath until he turns blue and dies. Should Johnny's mother worry that this will happen?
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Johnny's mother should not worry. When Johnny holds his breath, carbon dioxide levels in his blood increase, causing increased stimulation of the inspiratory centers and forcing him to breathe again.
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Name several age-related factors that affect the respiratory system.
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Aging results in deterioration of elastic tissue, arthritic changes that stiffen rib articulations, decreased flexibility at costal cartilages, decreased vital capacity, and some degree of emphysema.
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Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia.
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Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor (cancerous) cells, adn, in anaplasia, the malignant cells spread (metastasize) throughout the body.
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Is the incidence of lung cancer in males increasing or decreasing?
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The incident of lung cancer in males is decreasing.
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