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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The heart lies between the lungs in the what?
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Mediastinum
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The heart lies between two rigid structures the __________________ in the back & the ______________ in the front.
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Vertebral Column & Sternum
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This is the bottom of the heart formed by the tip of the left ventricle.
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Apex
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The heart is directed _______________, ______________ & to the ____________.
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Anteriorly, Inferiorly & to the Left
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The heart rests on what?
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The Diaphragm
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This is formed by the Atria. Mostly the left Atrium.
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Posterior Surface
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This surface part of the heart is formed by the Left Ventricle
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Anterior Surface
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This encloses the heart to protect it.
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Pericardium
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2 Types of Pericardium
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Fibrous
Serous |
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This is like a bag the heart sits in.
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Fibrous Pericardium
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What is the purpose of the Fibrous Pericardium?
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To prevent overstretching and anchor the heart in the mediastinum.
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What is kind of tissue is the Fibrous Pericardium composed of?
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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This is a double layered membrane with a cavity between the two layers. This membrane is called? And the cavity is known as?
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Serous Pericardium & Pericardial Cavity
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This slippery secretion reduces friction between the layers of the heart.
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Pericardial Fluid
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This Protects the heart and provides a smooth slippery texture to the heart itself for beating.
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Epicardium
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This is responsible for the pumping action of the heart.
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Myocardium
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Provides smooth lining of the chambers and helps to reduce friction.
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Endocardium
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Consists of Mesothelium and Connective Tissue
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Epicardium
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Consists of just Cardiac Muscle
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Myocardium
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Consists of Endothelium and Connective Tissue
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Endocardium
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3 Layers of the Heart wall
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Epicardium
Myocardium Endocardium |
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Inflammation of the layers of the Heart Wall
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Epicarditis
Myocarditis Endocarditis |
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Heart consists of 4 chambers
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2 Atria (top)
2 Ventricles (bottom) |
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Little pouches around each Atrium which allow for the atrium to expand.
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Auricles
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Grooves that function to separate the chambers of the heart.
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Sulci
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4 Different Sulci
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1. Coronary Sulcus
2. Anterior Sulcus 3. Posterior Sulcus 4. Interventricular |
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Connects aorta to the pulmonary trunk
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Ligamentum Arteriosum
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This closes after birth and becomes the Ligamentum Arteriosum
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Ductus Arteriosus
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Take blood from the heart
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Arteries
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Take blood back to the heart
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Veins
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Movement of blood flow
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Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve (Atrioventricular) Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve to Pulmonary Trunk to Lungs Left Atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Valve Aorta |
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These open and close in response to pressure changes
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Valves
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Narrowing of a heart valve opening that restricts blood flow
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Stenosis
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What tissue are valves composed of?
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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When a valve does not close completely and it leaks blood back into the ventricles
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Regurgitation
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3 Circulatory Systems of the heart
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Systemic
Pulmonary Coronary |
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Circulation through entire body
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Systemic Circulation
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Blood circulating from the heart to the lungs and back.
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Pulmonary Circulation
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Circulation that supplies the heart itself
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Coronary Circulation
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Results from a complete obstruction to blood flow in a coronary artery
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Myocardial Infarction
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Commonly called a Heart Attack
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Systemic is the pump for what side of the heart?
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Left side
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Pulmonary is the pump for what side the heart?
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Right side
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Has its own conduction system by Autorhythmicity using intercalated discs
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Cardiac Muscle
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Consists of desmesomes and gap junctions which allow action potentials
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Intercalated Discs
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Cardiac Muscle Cells are considered what kind of cells?
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Autorhythmic Cells
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Means they are self excitable
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2 Functions of Autorhythmic Cells
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Pacemaker
Cardiac Conduction System |
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Sets rhythm of the heart
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Pacemaker
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Route the blood is going to take from action potentials stimulating the heartbeat
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Cardiac Conduction System
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The heart is dependant on what 3 chemicals?
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Na+, K+ and Ca+
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What role do each of these chemicals play?
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Each play an essential role in the strength and rate of the heart beat.
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Decreases levels of what chemicals increases heart rate?
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Na+ and K+
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3 Phases an action potential occurs in an Autorhythmic Cell
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1. Depolarization
2. Plateau 3. Repolarization |
These are characteristics on an EKG
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In this wave, Atrial Depolarization occurs. Meaning the Atria is contracting
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P Wave
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During this wave Ventricular Depolarization meaning the Ventricle is contracting
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QRS Complex
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In this wave everything is returning back to normal. Therefore the ventricles start relaxing
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T Wave
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What is happening to the heart during Systole?
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Its contracting
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During Diastole what is the heart doing?
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Relaxing
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What is the 1st heart sound called? And creates the sound?
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Lubb and Blood turbulence
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What is the 2nd heart sound called? And what's creating the sound?
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Dupp - Closing of the valves
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During this the Atria is contracting and the ventricles are relaxed
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Atrial Systole
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During this the Ventricles are contracting and the Atria is relaxed
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Ventricle Systole
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Is the greatest amount of blood pumping during Ventricular Systole or Atrial Systole?
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Ventricular Systole
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Increases contractility by promoting Ca+ inflow during a cardiac action potential
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Positive Inotropic Agents
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Ca+ increases then heart rate increases.
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Is Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hormones norepinehrine and epinephrine a positive or negative inotropic? Why?
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Positive Inotropic because they increase Ca+ levels
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This decreases contractility. Therefore inhibiting the sympathetic division of the ANS. Causes anoxia, acidosis, and increased K+ levels.
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Negative Inotropic Agents
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Decreases strength of the heartbeat
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Autonomic regulation of the heart originates where?
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Cardiovascular Center
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Doesn't control the heart rate but does tell the heart to speed up or slow down
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The Cardiovascular Center is located where?
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In the medulla oblongata
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How does the cardiovascular center tell the heart to speed up or slow down?
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Does so by Proprioceptors, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors.
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Majority of these are found in the Arterial Wall
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