Chapter 20

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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(ICC) Created by COngress in 1887, this agency was authorized to investigate and oversee railroad activities. It also outlawed rebates and pooling agreements.

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Sherman Silver Purchase Act

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An act that attempted to resolve theh controversy over silver coinage. under it, the US Treasury would purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver each month and issue legal tender for it.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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dealt with the problem of the increasing size of business. It declared illegal every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiract, in restraint of trade or commerce.

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Ocala Demands

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Adopted bu the Farmers Alliance. They called for the creation of a sub-treasury system to allow farmers to store their crops until they could get the best price, the free coinage of silver, an end to protective tariffs and national banks, a federal income tax, the direct election of senators by voters, and tighter regulation of railroads.

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Pendleton Act

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this act sought to lessen the involvemnt of politicains in the running of the government.

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Gold Standard Act

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this law declared gold the nations standard of currency, meaning that all currency in circulation had to be redeemable in gold.

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National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union

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one of the largest reform movements in American history, the FA sought to organize farmers in the South and West to fight for reforms that would improve their lot.

Front 8

Bland-Allison Silver Purchase Act

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this act, a compromise between groups favoring the coinage of silver and those opposed to it, called for the partial coinage of silver.

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populist party

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This party was organized in 1892 by farm, labor, and reform leaders, mainly from the Farmers alliance.

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Minor v. Happerset

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The supreme Court upheld the power of the states to deny this right to women.

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poll tax

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used to make it difficult for Blacks to vote.

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Williams v. Mississippi

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ruled literacy tests to be unconstitutional

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Literacy test

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Used to limit only the smartest of the blacks to vote.

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grandfather clause

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only allowed blacks to vote if their fathers or grandfathers had voted before 1867.

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homestead act

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grants 160 acres of land to anyone who paid $10 fee

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Munn v. Illinois

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declared that private property affecting with the public interest.. must submit to being controlled by the publice for the common good.

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Wabash decision

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states could not regulate commerce extending beyond their borders.

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interstate commerce act

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outlawed rebates and pooling agreements, and the icc became the prototype of the federal commissions.

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James G Blaine

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only defeated by cleveland because of the divisions in the Republican party.

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McKinley Tariff Act

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raised tariff duties about 4%, higher than ever before.

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US v EC knight

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the first judicial interpretation of the law.

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Silverites

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delighted that the monthly puchases would buy up most of the country's silver production.

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Billion Dollar Congress

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a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives

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Greenback-labor party

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American political party with an antimonopoly ideology

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industrial Black friday

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a day of terrible strain long remembered on the market.

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panic of 1893

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panic was caused by railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures.

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coxey's army

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a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time.

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Pullman strike

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a nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States in 1894

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in re debs

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a United States Supreme Court decision handed down concerning Eugene V. Debs and labor unions.

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Wilson-Gorman Tariff act

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slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax

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Romanticism vs realism

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Romanticism: celebrated nature rather than civilization.
realism: the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation

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coin's financial school

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a popular pamphlet written in 1893 that helped popularize the free silver and populist movements.

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William Jennings Bryan

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United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school

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cross of gold speech

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speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. The speech advocated bimetallism.