Chapter 2 Vocabulary: The Cell

Front 1

What is the study of cells?

Back 1

Cytology

Front 2

What are the general functions of the human body cells?

Back 2

Covering, Lining, Storage, Movement, Connection, Defense, Communication, and Reproduction.

Front 3

What do the cells that "Cover" do?

Back 3

They protect the outer surface of the body.

Front 4

What do the cells that "Line" do?

Back 4

They regulate nutrient movement into body tissue.

Front 5

What do the cells that "Store" do?

Back 5

They store lipid reserves and store carbohydrate nutrients as glycogen.

Front 6

What do the cells that "Move" do?

Back 6

Pump blood and move the skeleton

Front 7

What do the cells that "Connect" do?

Back 7

They form ligaments that attach bone to bone.

Front 8

What do the cells that "Defend" do?

Back 8

They produce antibodies to target antigens or invading cells

Front 9

What do cells that "Communicate" do?

Back 9

They send information between regions of the brain

Front 10

What do the cells that "Reproduce" do?

Back 10

They produce new blood cells and produce a new individual.

Front 11

What is the Plasma Membrane?

Back 11

Contains receptors for communication; forms intercellular connections; acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents; regulates materials movement into and out of the cell.

Front 12

What is the Cytoplasm?

Back 12

Site of metabolic processes of the cell; stores nutrients and dissolved solutes.

Front 13

What is the Nucleus?

Back 13

The cell's control center. controls all genetic information(DNA); site of the ribosome subunit assembly.

Front 14

What is Cytosol?

Back 14

Provides support for organelles; serves as viscous medium through which diffusion occurs

Front 15

What are Organelles?

Back 15

They carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell

Front 16

What are Inclusions?

Back 16

They store materials

Front 17

What is the Nuclear Envelope?

Back 17

Pores in envelope regulate exchange of materials with the cytoplasm.

Front 18

What are Nuclear Pores?

Back 18

Allow for passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Front 19

What is the Nucleolus?

Back 19

Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus.

Front 20

What is Chromatin?

Back 20

Site of genes in the DNA

Front 21

What is the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum? (smooth ER)

Back 21

Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol

Front 22

What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum? (rough ER)

Back 22

Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes; transports and stores molecules.

Front 23

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Back 23

Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis.

Front 24

What are Lysosomes?

Back 24

Digest materials or microtubules ingested by the cell; remove old/damaged organelles; self-destruct(autolyze).

Front 25

What are Peroxisomes?

Back 25

Convert hydrogen peroxide formed during metabolism to water.

Front 26

What are Mitochondria?

Back 26

Synthesize most ATP during cellular respiration; "Powerhouses of the cell"

Front 27

What are Ribosomes?

Back 27

Synthesize proteins for:
1. use in the cell (free ribosomes)
2. secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane, or lysosomes (fixed ribosomes)

Front 28

What is the Cytoskeleton?

Back 28

Provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasmic streaming, organelle, and cellular motility, transport of materials, and chromosomal movement and cell division.

Front 29

What are Microfilaments?

Back 29

They maintain cell shape; aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement; separate dividing cells

Front 30

What are Intermediate Filaments?

Back 30

Provide structural support; stabilize cell junctions

Front 31

What are Microtubules?

Back 31

Support cell; hold organelles in place; maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct organelle movement within cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella; move chromosomes at cell division

Front 32

What are Centrosomes?

Back 32

Organize microtubules; participates in spindle formation during cell division

Front 33

What are Centrioles?

Back 33

Organize microtubules during cell division for movement of chromosomes

Front 34

What is Cilia?

Back 34

Move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface

Front 35

What is Flagellum?

Back 35

Propels sperm cells in human male

Front 36

What is Microvilli?

Back 36

Increase membrane surface area for increased absorption and/or secretion.

Front 37

What is Glycocalyx?

Back 37

The external carbohydrate(sugar) coat on the plasma membrane.

Front 38

What are Lipids?

Back 38

Materials that are insoluble in water; fats, oils, and steroids. They ensure that the membrane wont just dissolve.

Front 39

What are Phospholipids?

Back 39

They are both water-soluble and water-insoluble.

Front 40

What are ICF, ECF and IF?

Back 40

Intracellular fluid(fluid within the cell); Extracellular fluid(fluid outside the cell); Interstitial fluid(the thin layer of fluid that bathes the external surface of the cell)

Front 41

What is Cholesterol?

Back 41

A type of lipid called a steroid. It strengthens the membrane and stabilizes it at temperature extremes.

Front 42

What are Glycolipids?

Back 42

Lipids with attached carbohydrates.

Front 43

What are Proteins?

Back 43

They are complex, diverse molecules composed of chains of smaller molecules called amino acids.

Front 44

What are Integral proteins?

Back 44

They act as a membrane channel, providing a pore(hole) in the membrane through which specific substances pass.

Front 45

What are Receptors?

Back 45

They serve as binding sites for molecules outside of the cell.

Front 46

What are Peripheral proteins?

Back 46

They are not embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. They are attached loosely to either the external or internal surface of the membrane. They can float and move about the bilayer.

Front 47

What are Enzymes?

Back 47

They are also called Catalysts. They are molecules that are important for functional or metabolic activities in the cell because they change the rate of the reaction without being affected by the reaction themselves.

Front 48

What does the protein Transport do?

Back 48

It assists the movement of a particular substance across the membrane.

Front 49

What is ATP?

Back 49

Adenosine Triphosphate provides the energy for the transport. ATP releases energy when the bond that attaches its third phosphate to the rest of the molecule is broken.

Front 50

What is the Intercellular connection?

Back 50

Junctions form between some neighboring cells when proteins in the membrane of each cell attach. These junctions secure the cells to each other.

Front 51

How does the anchorage of the cytoskeleton come about?

Back 51

Cell shape is maintained by the attachment of structural proteins inside the cell to membrane proteins.

Front 52

What is passive transport?

Back 52

Substances move across a plasma membrane without the expenditure of energy by the cell. Similar to floating downstream a current.

Front 53

What is Diffusion?

Back 53

It is the tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient; or a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Front 54

Describe Equilibrium.

Back 54

The molecules are spread out evenly.

Front 55

What is active transport?

Back 55

The movement of a substance across a plasma membrane against a concentration gradient, materials must be moved from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Front 56

What is Invagination?

Back 56

When the membrane folds to form a pocket.

Front 57

What is Pseudopodia?

Back 57

False feet, or membrane extensions to surround a particle.

Front 58

What is simple diffusion?

Back 58

Unaided net movement of a substance due to molecular motion down the concentration gradient across selectively permeable membrane; continuous until equilibrium is reached.

Front 59

What is Osmosis?

Back 59

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane; direction is determined by relative solute concentrations; continues until equilibrium is reached.

Front 60

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 60

Movement of materials too large to pass through the membrane channels; relies on transport proteins/

Front 61

What is Bulk filtration?

Back 61

Bulk movement of solvents and solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration as a result of hydrostatic pressure differences across the membrane.

Front 62

What are Ion pumps?

Back 62

Transport of ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps.

Front 63

What is bulk transport?

Back 63

Membrane vesicles form around materials for transport.

Front 64

What is Exocytosis?

Back 64

Bulk movement of substances out of the cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Front 65

What is Endocytosis?

Back 65

Bulk movement of substances into a cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.

Front 66

What is Phagocytosis?

Back 66

"Cellular Eating". When a cell engulfs or captures a large particle

Front 67

What is Pinocytosis?

Back 67

"Cellular Drinking". When the cell internalizes a very small droplet of extracellular fluid into tiny internal vesicles.

Front 68

What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Back 68

The movement of specific molecules from the extracellular environment into a cell by way of newly formed vesicles.

Front 69

What is the Cytoplasm?

Back 69

It is a nonspecific term for all of the materials contained within the plasma membrane and surrounding the nucleus.

Front 70

What is Cytosol?

Back 70

The viscous, syruplike fluid of the cytoplasm.

Front 71

What is Melanin?

Back 71

A stored pigment in some skin, hair, and eye cells, protects the body from the sun's ultraviolet light.

Front 72

What is Glycogen?

Back 72

It is a polysaccharide( a type of carbohydrate [sugar]) that is stored primarily in liver and skeletal muscle cells.

Front 73

What are Organelles?

Back 73

"little organs", they are complex, organized structures with unique, characteristic shapes.

Front 74

What are the functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Back 74

1. Provides a place for chemical reactions
a. Smooth ER is the site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.
b. Rough ER synthesizes proteins for secretion, incorporation into the plasma membrane, and as enzymes within lysosomes.
2. Transport: Moves molecules through cisternal space from one part of the cell to another; sequestered away from the cytoplasm.
3. Storage: Stores newly synthesized molecules.
4. Detoxification: Smooth ER detoxifies both drugs and alcohol.

Front 75

What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus?

Back 75

1. Modification: Modifies new proteins destined for lysosomes, secretion, and plasma membrane
2. Packaging: Packages enzymes for lysosomes and proteins for secretion
3. Sorting: Sorts all materials for lysosomes, secretion, and incorporation into the plasma membrane.

Front 76

What are the functions of the Lysosomes?

Back 76

1. Digestion: Digest all materials that enter cell by endocytosis.
2. Removal: Remove worn-out or damaged organelles and cellular components; recycle small molecules for resynthesis(autophagy)
3. Self-destruction: Digest the remains(autolysis) after cellular death.

Front 77

What are the functions of the Peroxisomes?

Back 77

Detoxification: Detoxify harmful substances; convert hydrogen peroxide to water; break down fatty acid molecules.

Front 78

What are the functions of Mitochondria?

Back 78

Energy synthesis: Produce ATP by cellular respiration for energy needs of the cell; called the "powerhouse" of the cell.

Front 79

What are the functions of the Ribosomes?

Back 79

Protein synthesis:
1. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use within the cell
2. Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins destined to be incorporated into the plasma membrane, exported from the cell, or housed within lysosomes.

Front 80

What are the functions of the Cytoskeleton?

Back 80

1. Structural: Provides structural support to cell; stabilizes junctions between cells.
2. Movement: Assists with cytosol streaming and cell motility; helps move organelles and materials throughout cell; helps move chromosomes during cell division.

Front 81

What are the functions of Centrosomes and Centrioles?

Back 81

1. Microtubule support: Organizes microtubules and supports their growth in non-dividing cells.
2. Cell division: Directs formation of mitotic spindle in dividing cells.

Front 82

What are the functions of the Nucleus?

Back 82

1. Cellular regulation: Houses genetic material, which directs all cellular activities and regulates cellular structure.
2. Production: Produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes.

Front 83

What is DNA?

Back 83

Deoxyribonucleic acid is an enormous macromolecule that contains the genetic material of the cell.

Front 84

What are genes?

Back 84

They provide the instructions for the production of specific proteins, and thereby direct all of the cell's activities.

Front 85

What is Chromatin?

Back 85

The DNA and its associated proteins are in the form of an unwound, finely flattened mass.

Front 86

What is a Chromosome?

Back 86

It is the most organized level of genetic material. A single long molecule of DNA and associated proteins.

Front 87

What are Histones?

Back 87

They wind around clusters of special nuclear proteins.

Front 88

What is Mitosis?

Back 88

It is the cell division process that takes place in the somatic cells, which are all of the cells in the body except the sex cells.

Front 89

What is Interphase?

Back 89

It is the time between cell divisions when the cell maintains and carries out normal metabolic activities and may also prepare for division.

Front 90

Describe the G1 phase.

Back 90

(the first "growth" or gap stage), cells grow, produce new organelles, carry out specific metabolic activities, and produce proteins required for division.

Front 91

What is the S phase?

Back 91

("synthesis" phase) the next period of Interphase for the cells that will eventually be dividing.

Front 92

What is the G2 phase?

Back 92

(the second "growth" or gap phase) is short. During this phase, centriole replication is completed, organelle production continues, and enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized.

Front 93

What is the difference between Mitosis and Cytokinesis?

Back 93

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.

Front 94

What is Prophase? Describe it.

Back 94

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis. During prophase the nucleolus breaks down and disappears. The chromosomes form a big puffy ball within the nucleus. The centrioles come to lie at opposite poles of the cell.

Front 95

What are sister chromatids?

Back 95

A duplicated chromosomes consists of two identical structures