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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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John Smith
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WHO: English soldier, explorer, and author.
WHAT: Established the first permanent English settlement in North America in Jamestown and his association with the Virginia Indian girl Pocahontas. WHEN: Between September 1608 and August 1609. SIGNIFICANCE: He encouraged more Englishmen and women to follow the trail he had blazed to colonize the New World. |
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Jamestown
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WHO: The first English permanent settlement in what is no the U.S
WHAT: Located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony WHEN: Founded on May 14, 19 SIGNIFICANCE: To form a successful English settlement |
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Joint Stock Company
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What:A type of corporation or partnership involving two or morel legal persons.
when: significant: Share holder are free to transfer own interest by selling to each other |
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Indentured Servant
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What: Adult white person that were bound to labors for a period of years in colonial America
When: significance: 3 classes :the free-willers,people that were entitled to leave country due to poverty, and convicts |
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Puritans
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Who:Members of a religions movement in England
When: 1500s through first half of 1600s significance: believed that the church had to much power and people should be involved with the church more |
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John Winthrop
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Who:one of the founder of Massachusetts Bay colony
When:1630 Significance: introduce concept of Manifest Destiny |
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King Philips war
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What:Bloodies war between American colonist and Indians
When:17 century New England significance: colonial settlers no longer depended on Indians for survival |
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The headright system
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What:arrival of indenture servants in American colonies
When:early 1600s significance:Gave Englishmen and their sons each 50 acres of land if they could pay for their Atlantic crossing |
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Incas
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Began as a tribe in the Cuzco area around 1200. Grew to absorb the Andean communities. Patchacuti founded the Inca empire.
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Mayas
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Mesoamerican civilization noted for the developed written language, art, architecture, math, and astronomical system.
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Aztecs
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Dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the late post-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology.
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Chaco Canyon
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United States national historical park hosting the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest.located in northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington, in a remote canyon cut by the Chaco Wash.
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Woodland Indians
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From 1000 BC until 1000 AD North America was habited by the native americans.
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Mobile Societies (Native Americans)
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Indigenous people in
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Agriculture (Natives)
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Indigenous people in North America.An early crop the Native Americans grew was squash. Others early crops included cotton, sunflower, pumpkins, tobacco, goosefoot, knotgrass, and sump weed.Squanto showed the Pilgrims in New England how to put fish in fields to act like a fertilizer, but the truth of this story is debated.
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Leif Ericson
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A Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America (excluding Greenland), nearly 500 years before Christopher Columbus.
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Prince Henry The Navigator
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Responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations and maritime trade. Henry the Navigator was the third child of King John I of Portugal.
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Christopher Columbus
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Navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy, whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Initiated the process of Spanish colonization. Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492.
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Portuguese explorer. Obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
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The Conquistadors
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Soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain in the 15th through the 19th centuries following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The leaders of the conquest of the Aztec Empire were Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado. Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Incan Empire.
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Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
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Fransisco Pizarro
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Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru.
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Ordinance of Discovery
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Third phase of New World which began in the 1570s, when new Spanish laws ( Ordinances of Discovery) banned yhe most brutal military conquest. Spanish expanded their presence in America through colonization.
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Catholic Missions (Natives)
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Converting natives to Catholicism. Military garrisons connected to the missions, to protect them from hostile natives. Other Spaniards went to America to spread the Christian religion.
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St. Agustine 1565
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The first permanent European settlement in the present-day United Sated. It served as a military outpost, an administrative center for Franciscan missionaries, and a headquarters for unsuccesful campaigns among North American natives that were ultimately abandoned.
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Ecomiendas
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Licenses to exact labor and tribute from the natives in specific areas (a system first used in dealing with the Moors in Spain).
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Pueblo Revolt
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Indian religious leader named Pope led an uprising that killed hundreds of Europeans settlers that tried to stop their religious rituals.
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Mestizo
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People of mixed race. Through much of the Spanish Empire, as a result, an elaborate racial hierarchy developed, with Spanish at the top, natives at the bottom, and people of mixed races distributed in between.
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John Cabot
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In 1497, he sailed to the northeastern coast of North America on an expedition sponsored by King Henry VII.
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Richard Hakluyt's Argument for Colonies
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Argued that colonies would not only create new markets for English woods, they would also help alleviate poverty and unemployment by siphoning off the surplus population.
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Doctrine of Predestination
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God "elected" some people to be saved and condemned others to damnation; each person's destiny was determined before birth, and no one could change that predetermined fate. But while individuals could not alter their destinies, they could strive to know them.
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The English Reformation
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Began because of a political dispute between the king and the pope than as a result of the doctrinal revolts. In 1529, King Henry VIII broke England's ties with the Catholic Church and established himself as the head of the Christian faith in his country.
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John Calvin
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Swiss theologian that introduced the doctrine of predestination. Calvinists believed that the way people led their lives might reveal to them their chances of salvation.
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Puritan Separist
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Were determined to workship as they pleased in their independent congregations. Outlawed unauthorized religious meetings, required all subjects to attend regular Anglican services, and levied taxes to support the established church.
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Elizabeth I
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Became England's sovereign. Elizabeth once again severed the nation's connection with the Catholic Church (and, along with it, an alliance with Spain that Mary had forged.)
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Coureurs de Bois
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Agents for the Algonquins and the Hurons, who were the principal fur traders among the Indians of the region and from whom the French purchased their pelts.
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New Amsterdam
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In 1624, the Dutch Wesr India Company established a series of permanent trading posts on the Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers.
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West India Company
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The company actively encouraged settlement of the region-not just from Holland itself, but from such other parts of northern Europe as Germany, Sweden, and Finland.
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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Raleigh was accused of plotting against the king, stripped of his monopoly, and imprisoned for more than a decade. Finally (after being released for one last ill-fated laritime expedition), he was executed by the king in 1618.
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Roanoke
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In 1585, Raleigh recruited his cousin, Sir Richard Grenville, to lead a group of men to Roanoke to establish a colony.
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James I
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In 1606 James I issued a new charter, which divided America between two groups. London got to colonize the south and the Plymouth merchants recieved the same right in the north.
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Lor De Lawar
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Jamestown's first governor. Imposed a harsh and rigid discipline on the colony. This communal system of labor did not function effectively for long.
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Tobacco
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Tobacco cultivation quickly spread up and down the James. The character of this tobaco economy-its profitability, its uncertainty, its land and labor demands-transformed Chesapeake society in fundamental ways.
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Virginia Company
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Virginia Company in London was defunt. In 1624, Jame I revoked the company's charter, and the colony came under the control of the crown. It would remain so until 1776.
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Powhatans
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Powhatan refused to ransom her daughter Pocahontas but she was kidnapped, converted to Christianity, and in 1614 married John Rolfe.
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Maryland and the Calverts
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The new colony was the dream of George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore. His son Cecilius received a charter remarkable not only for the extent of the territory it granted him after his father died in 1632.
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Propietary Rule
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"true and absolute lords and propietaries." and were to acknowledge the ultimate sovereignity of the king only by paying an annual fee to the crown.
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Toleration Act
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The Calverts prudently adopted a policy of religious toleration. To appease the non-Catholic majority, Calvert appointed a Protestant as governor in 1648. They did this because they realized that Catholics would always be a minority in the colony.
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Bacon's Rebellion
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It was part of the continuing struggle to define the boundary between Indian and white lands in Virginia: it showed how unwilling the English settlers were to abide by earlier agreements with the natives, and how unwilling the Indians were to tolerate further white movement into their territory. It revealed the bitterness of the competition between eastern and western landowners. Mainly, it unleashed the potential for instability in the colony's large population of free, landless men.
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Plymouth Plantation
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Separist who were not allowed to leave England "Scrooby group" settled in Plymouth an area named by Captain John Smith.
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Mayflower Compact
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41 "saints" signed the Mayflower Compact, which established a civil government and procalimed their allegiance to the king.
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William Bradford
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Governor of "Plymouth Plantation" several times. In 1621, he persuaded the Council for New England to give them legal permission to live there. He ended communal labor and made "all hands very industrious."
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Colonial Currency
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This seal was created in 1690 by the Massachusetts Bay Company to validate the paper "bills of credit" with which colonists conducted many financial transactions.
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Theocratic Society
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Ministers had no formal political power, but they exerted great influence on church members, who were the only people who could vote or hold office. The government in tur protected the ministers, taxed te people to support the church, and enforced the law requiring attendance at services.
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Roger Williams
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Williams, a confirmed Separatist, argued that the Massachusetts church should abandon all allegiance to the Church of England.
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Anne Hutchinson
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An intelligent and charismatic woman from a substancial Boston family. Antagonized the leaders of the colony by arguing vehemently not among the "elect"-had no right to spiritual office. Hurchinson developed a large following among women, to whom she offered an active role in religious affairs. She was convicted of sedition and banished as "a woman not fit for our society". Her unorthodox views had challenged both religious belief and social order in Puritan Massachusetts.
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Pequot War
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In 1637, hostiles broke out between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and the Pequot Indians of the region as a result of competition over trade with the Dutch in New Netherland and friction over land.
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The Narragansetts
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Allies of the Wampanoags in King Philip's War, built an enormous fort in the Great Swamp of Rhode Island in 1675, which became the site of one of the bloodiest battles of the war before English attackers burned it down.
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English Civil War
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Desperately in need of money, Charles called Parliament back into session and asked it to levy new taxes. But he antagonized the members by dismissing them twice in two years. In 1642, some of them organized a military challenge to the king, thus launching the English Civil War.
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Middle Colonies
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Charles II quickly began to reward faithful courtiers with grants of land in the New World; and in the 25 years of his reign, he issued charters for four additional colonies: Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The goal of the new colonies was not so much quick commercial success as permanent settlements that would provide proprietors with land and power.
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Quakers
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Quakers rejected the concepts of predestination and original sin. All people had divinity within themselves, and all who cultivated that divinity could attain salvation.
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William Penn
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The son of an admiral in the Royal Navy who was a landlord of valuable Irish estates. Converted to the doctrine of the Inner Light, the younger Penn became an evangelist for Quakerism. Penn turned his attention first to New Jrsey ans doon became an owner and proprietor of part of the colony.
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Charter of Liberties
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The charter established a representative assembly, which greatly limited the authority of the proprietor. The charter also permitted "the lower countries" of the colony to establish their own representative assembly.
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Black Codes
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Designed to give whites substantial control over the former slaves. The codes authorized local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy, and hire them out to private employers to satisfy the fine.
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Holy Experiment
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An attempt by the Quakers to establish a community for themselves in Pennsylvania. They hoped it would show to the world how well they could function on their own without any persecution or dissension.
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California 1760’s
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As in others areas of European settlement, the arrival of the Spanish in California had a devastating effect on the native population. Spanish insisted that the remaining natives convert to Catholicism. Natives now declined further as a result of malnutrition and overwork at the hands of the Spanish missions.
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James Oglethorpe
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Genreal James Oglethorpe was the leader of a group of unpaid trustess that founded Georgia. They were interested in economic success, but they were driven primarily by military and philanthropic motives.
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Mercantilism
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England would have to exclude foreigners (as Spain had done) from its colonial trade. According to mercantilist theory, any wealth flowing to another nation could come only at the expense of England itself. Hence the British government sought to monopolize trade relations with its colonies.
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The Navigation Acts
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Charles II adopted three Navigation Acts ddesigned to regulate colonial commerce even mor strictly. These acts formed the legal basis of England's mercantile system in America for a century.
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Sir Edmond Andros
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Andros was an able administrator but a stern and tactless. He was particularly despised in Massachusetts, where he tried to strenghen the Anglican Church.
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The Glorious Revolution
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When William and Mary arrived in England with a small army, James II offered no resistance and fled to France. As a result of this bloodless coup, which the English called "the Glorious Revolution." William and Mary became joint sovereigns.
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Willaim Bradford
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Persuaded Council to give people of "Plymouth Plantation" permission of legally living there.
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Cambridge Agreement
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Agreement made on August 29, 1629, between the shareholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company. The Agreement led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts.
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Church of England (Anglican)
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The officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the oldest among the communion's thirty-eight independent national and regional churches.
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Covenenat Theology
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A conceptual overview and interpretive framework for understanding the overall flow of the Bible. It uses the theological concept of covenant as an organizing principle for Christian theology.
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Halfway Covenant
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A form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662. It was promoted in particular by the Reverend Solomon Stoddard, who felt that the people of the English colonies were drifting away from their original religious purpose.
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Thomas Hooker
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A prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts. He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. Hooker also had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions.
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Saybrook Plattform
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A conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708. The document attempted to stem the tide of disunity among the established Congregational churches and restore discipline among both the clergy and their congregations.
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Cavaliers (1642-1647)
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The name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Prince Rupert, commander of much of Charles I's cavalry, is often considered an archetypical Cavalier.
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John Locke
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The Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory.
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