• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/97

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

97 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Led a rebellion in England in 1381, which focused on protecting the peasants from the upper class control after the Black Death. This lead the governmetnt generally returning the peasants to their usual labors, but the rural workers began to assert themselves.
Wat Tyler
A young woman whom the English burned at the stake in Rouen in 1431 after she was convicted by the church of heresy and witchcraft. The French forces began to win against the English when she became the leader.
Joan of Arc
He said the true church could do without their elaborate possessions, and even that organized church might not be necessary for salvation, since ordinary, devout persons could do without priests and obtain salvation by reading the bible, which he translated into english.
John Wyclif
Spokesman for the Hussites in Bohemia in central Europe, which was a religious party and a Slavic party protesting against the supremecy of the Germans. The Hussite wars revaged central Europe for decades in the 15th century. His ideas were eventually branded for heresy.
John Huss
First struck Europe in 1348, and it is believed the disease was carried by rats. The plague killed off all types of people, returned at irregular intervals, and the disease was quite contagious, therefore it spread through entire towns very quickly.
Black Death
This is also known as the Black Death, which killed almost half of the population of Europe. It began in 1348, and the precise medical cause is still debated, although it is thought to have been carried by rats.
bubonic plague
"Peasants", The massive insurrections of peasants were called this in France. They rebelled against the upper class and government, which were trying to control wages and prices.
Jacqueries
Began in 1337 between England and France, all battles took place in France. France was revaged by bands of English soldiers until Joan of Arc helped the French to some victories. The English soldiers defeated the French eventually, and Parliament widened its powers.
The Hundred Years' War
1450-1485, after England won over France, English barons became unruly, and disorder erupted. Private armies fought with each other, they defied royal law courts and intimidated juries, used Parliament for their own purposes, and exploited their peasants. Called this war because the opposing noble factions adopted red and white roses as their symbols.
War of the Roses
Pope Boniface VIII issued this bull, the most extreme of all assertions of papal supremecy, which declared that outside Roman church there was no salvation and that every human creature was subject to the Roman pontiff.
Unam Sanctam
French influence brought about the election of of a pope who was supposed to subservient to Philip, and who took up his residence at Avignon on lowed Rhone river. The rest of Europe regarded the popes at Avignon as tools of France and the papacy lost most of its prestige.
Babylonian captivity
The Order of flagellants was when its members would go through streets beating each other with chains and whips. They beat themselves to appease the wrath of God.
flagellants
People in England who held the ideas that the sufferings of the honest poor with the hypocrisy and corruption in high places. Their ideas were probably expressed by John Wyclif. Their ideas eventually became heresy.
Lollards
written by William Langland in 1360s, which contrasted the sufferings of the poor with the hypocrisy and corruption in high places.
Piers Plowman
In 1409 a church council met at Pisa, which declared that both reigning popes depoesd and had an election of another, but the first 2 didn't resign so there were 3. Another council was held and its aims were to end the 3 fold schism, to get rid of heresy, and reform the church. The unity of the church, under the papacy, was restored.
Conciliar Movement
In the canon law, this was a crime against selling or buying a church office. However churchmen could have mistresses. It was said that indulgences could be committed if done for a donation of money.
simony
Usually a woman who would be with a priest and have his kids without being oficially married to him, also known as a mistress. Many priests had these and it was understandable in these times.
concubinage
The abuse where a bishop or other ecclesiastic to give lucrative church positions to his own children (or other relatives). This abuse could not be eradicated.
nepotism
Boniface VIII gave encouragement to the practice of this. A person, if properly confessed, absolved, and truly repentant, might, by obtaining one of these, be spared of the temporal punishments of purgatory. One usually obtained this by a donation of money.
indulgences
Wrote the Divine Comedy, written in Italian which was the mode of speech current in Florence. To this vast poem the humanists added many writings in Florentine or Tuscan prose.
Dante
Florentine exile, who was called the first man of letters. He trained for law and was a clergyman. His writings show the complex, contradictory attitudes of eary Renaissance thought. He wrote sonnets in Italian, an epic in Latin, an introspective study of himself, and many great letters.
Petrarch
Petrarch's contemporary and a Florentine, wrote the Decameron in Italian, a series of tales designed to entertain and impart a certain wisdom about human character and behavior.
Boccaccio
humanist who became chancellor of Florence in 1375, and Florence was threatened by Milan and the Visconti family. He also served the state by writing and grorifying Florentine liberty, and identifying it with the liberties of ancient republican Rome before being undermined by Caesars.
Salutati
Succeeded Salutati as chancellor. He wrote a history of Florence which marked a new achievement in historical writing. He saw the past as clearly the past, and he introduced a new division of historical periods. He used history for a practical political purpose, to show that Florence had a long tradition of liberty and possessed values and attainments worth fighting for.
Bruni
Became one of the founders for textual criticism, and observed thats its characteristic works and expressions varied from one time to another. He showed, by analysis of the language used in the document, that the Donation of Constantine, on which the papacy then based its temporal claims, could not have been written in Constantine's time in the 4th century, and therefore was a forgery.
Valla
Wrote the most lasting work of the Italian Renaissance in "The Prince". He dreamed of the day when the citizens of Florence, and all Italy, should behave like early Romans - show virility in their politics, fight in citizen armies for patriotic causes, and uphold their dignity before Europe. His book produced a handbook of statecraft which he hoped Italy might find useful. He said that effective rulers and governments act only in their interest. He diagnosed a new era which was an age when politics was breaking off from religion.
Machiavelli
Painted portraits, such as that of a condottiere, in which the reader can see how a strong, real, and vivid personality looks out from the canvas.
Bellini
Cosimo's son, who also used his great wealth to govern but is mostly remembered as a poet, connoisseur, and lavish benefactor of art and learning.
Lorenzo de' Medici
Woman writer who helped to spread humanist themes in France during the early 15th century and also demonstrated that women could participate in the debates of European intellectual life.
Christine de Pisan
.Wrote the "Book of the Courtier" which was a book of etiquette. The courtier should be a man of good birth, his education in youth and efforts in mature years should be mixing equally in the company of his equals. He should know most subjects with familiarity but not too well. His ideal court also included women.
Castiglione
Humanists preferred his classic style, was loved by Petrarch for his common sense and commitment to political liberty, and also found a deep religious concern
Cicero
Looked for aspects of truth not revealed in the Christian scriptures. He claimed at the age of 23 that he could summarize all human knowledge in 900 theses, which he had drawn from "the Chaldaic, Arabic, Hebrew, Grecian, Egyptian, and Latin sages".
Pico della Mirandola
means "rebirth", first started with those who thought of the Middle ages as a dark time from which the human spirit had to be awakened. It was also because that people, after a long interruption, had taken up and resumed a civilization like that of the Greco-Romans. It arose the conception of modern and ancient times, separated by a long period with different lifestyles. It marked an era of thought and feeling, as well as a secular attitude.
Renaissance
the 15th century as Italians call it , where other fields of thought and expression were first cultivated. The Italian influence lasted for about 200 years, and extended over the whole area represented by literature and arts.
Quattrocento
The crafts of Italy included many refined trades such as a goldsmith or stonecarver, which were so zealously pursued that many became art, and the delight in the beautiful became common among all classes.
artisan
A quality in which the society of the day was more to be expected in the most aggressive adult males. It meant the successful demonstration of human powers, a man who knew what he was doing, who made the best use of his opportunities, and excelling in all he did.
virtu
Literary movement in Renaissance Italy because of the rising interest in humane letters. A new kind of literature and writers began to appear and looked at literature as their main life's work, wrote for the greater public, used writing to deal with general questions, to achieve artistic effects and please readers.
humanism
Written by Castiglione, which was a book of etiquette that explained manners and what the ideal man should act like. It also included women, who were supposed to be soft and gentle to accompany the agressive male.
Book of the Courtier
Florence went from republicanism to one man rule with these city-states. They could not protect themselves, so they had to rely on hired help. Throughout the peninsula the merchants, bankers, connoisseurs, and courtly classes were the one who had control in these cities.
city-states
The art of using language as a means to persuade.
rhetoric
During the Renaissance this changed in art. In earlier times the perspective was all wrong, but it became so space was presented in exact relation to the beholder's eye.The viewer entered the world of the painting, and it was three dimensional.
perspective
German banking family, who controlled more capital than any others in Europe. They, being in western and southern Germany, enjoyed a lead over most of Western Europe.
Fuggers
South Germany gave birth to him and the Holbeins. He was a painter and printmaker, whose printing established his reputation across Europe. He was also one of the first landscape artists.
Durer
In South Germany, he was a painter and printer, just as Durer was. He worked in a Northern Renaissanse style, and produced satire, religious art, and Reformation propoganda.
Holbein
Most notable figure of the entire humanist movement. He chose to write in a purified and usually intricate Latin style. He regarded the middle ages as benighted, ridiculed the scholastic philosophers, and studied deeply the classical writers of antiquity. He put his faith in education and enlightened discussion. He prepared new Greek and Latin editions of the NT. He had many admirers among the popes and clergy, and attacked only the abuses in the Church.
Erasmus
A statesman and humanist best knwon as the author of Utopia, who was executed for treason for refusing the oath of supremecy acknowledging the religious leadership of Henry and rejecting that of the Pope.
More
The Latin name of Johann Muller, who laid the foundations during his short lifetime for his mathematical conception of the universe. He was probably one of the most influential scientific workers of the 15th century.
Regiomontanus
a Rhinelander, who was a churchman whose mystical philosophy entered into the later development of mathematics and science.
Nicholas of Cusa
He believed the earth moved around the sun, he was indeed a Pole but he originated in the mixed German-Polish region of East Prussia.
Copernicus
Latin for Hohenheim who undertook to revolutionize medicine at the University of Basel. His wild prophesies made him a mixture of scientist and charlatan, but in truth, science was not yet distinguished from the occult, which it shared the idea of control ocer natural forces.
Paracelsus
Perhaps a learned German of the first part of the 16th century, who was rumored to have sold his soul to the devil in return for knowledge and power. This story was dramitized in England and later in German poetry.
Dr. Faustus
Author of the Imitation of Christ. The essense of mysticism lay in the belief, or experience, that the individual soul could in perfect solitude commune directly with God. He did not rebel against the Church, but they offered to those who would follow a deeper sense of religion in which the Church had no place.
Thomas a Kempis
A lay preacher who attracted followers by his sermons on spiritual regeneration. He founded a religious sisterhood, which was followed by establishments for religiously minded men. They called themselves the Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life, and eventually recieved papal approval.
Gerard Goote
Studied the Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and read the Church fathers, in order to deepen their understanding of Christianity and to restore its moral vitality.
Christian humanism
Written by Thomas a Kempis, who was a mystic.
Imitation of Christ
This idea lay in the belief, or experience, that the individual soul could in perfect solitude, commune directly with God. They did not rebel against the Church, but offered to those who were willing, a deeper religion in which the Church had no place.
mysticism
Religion was also now found deeply by others than the clergy, such as religious laypersons, religiously inclined humanists and writers, impatient and headstrong rulers, who were more influential that ever before and more critical of ecclesiastical abuses.
lay religion
Group of religiously minded men and women who recieved papal approval. Formed by Groote. They lived communally, but took no vows, wore ordinary clothing, and were free to leave at will. Reading and writing were taughtm but the emphasis was on a Christian ideal of character and conduct.
Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life
This spread widely in the Netherlands and adjoining parts of Germany. The idea was to instill such qualities as humility, tolerance, reverance, love of one's neighbor, and the consientious performance of duty.
Modern Devotion
The first king of the Tudors, who gained the throne by force, and put an end to the Wars of the Roses. He passed laws against livery and maintenance, the practice by which great lords maintained private armies wearing their own livery or insignia, and he used his royal council as a new court.
Henry VII
He was ruler in England, but had no male heir so he decided to remarry to have a son. He wanted the pope to annul his marriage in order to do this, but the pope refused so Henry VIII got someone else to do it. He went on changing many things, such as doctrines of the church, and wanted to be the supreme head of an english catholic church.
Henry VIII
She became queen of England, and turned England Protestant. She wanted dogmas and rules to be so general so that all people could relate to this religion.
Elizabeth I
Leader of the New Monarchy in France, who continued to round out the French borders. He had far greater powers than the Tudors to raise taxes, and also enlarged the powers of the monarchy over the clergy.
Louis XI
King of France, who in 1516 reached an agreement with Pope Leo X in the Concordat of Bologna, which rescinded the Pragmatic sanction. The pope then recieved money income from French ecclesiastics, but the French king would appoint the bishops and abbots. This meant the future kings of france would control their own national clergy.
Francois I
Married Isabella of Castille, which by marriage united the 2 kingdoms of Aragon and Castille. This union was only personal, in that each kingdom recognized different monarchs.
Ferdinand of Aragon
Married Fredinand of Aragon, and was ruler of Castille which included the newly discovered americas.
Isabella of Castille
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Under his power the empire was divided into administrative circles, and an Imperial Chamber and Council were created. He was also the author of the Hapsburg family fortures through his strategic use of royal marriages.
Maximilian I
Ruler of the Holy Roman empire, was the most powerful ruler of his day. His brother became ruler of Hungary and Bohemia. This meant the royal family stood well above all rivals.
Charles V
Dynasty in England, who gained power by force. They did not have too much power, but instead passed laws against private armies and worked to preserve order and rendered substantial justice.
the Tudors
In these wars the great English baronial families had seriously weakened each other, to the great convienience of the king and the bulk of the citizenry. It was called this because the groups had white and red roses on their flags.
the War of the Roses
This line of family and its successors took the ruling of the New Monarchy in France. In the 5 centuries since the first king had been crowned, the royal domain had steadily expanded its original small nucleus around Paris through a combination of inheritance, marriages, war, intrigue, and conquest.
Valois
Pope Leo X and Francis I reached this agreement in 1516, which rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction. The pope therefore recieved money in return for the king to be able to appoint the bishops and clergy members.
Concordat of Bologna
This was completed when the Southern tip of Spain, Granada, was conquered from the Moors in 1492. Its annexation added to the heterogeneous character of the Spanish domains.
Reconquista
Used heriditary positions in Austria and balancing and bribing political forces in Germany, managed to get themselves consistently reelected to the Holy Roman empireship in every generation, with one exception from 1452-1806. They tried to introduce the centralizing powers of the New Monarchy into an empire that lacked institutions for the excercise of centralized power.
Habsburgs
A monk, who was terrified by the thought of the awful omnipotence of God. He developed the doctrine of the justificatio of faith alone. He did not agree with the Church and indulgences, and therefore posted his 95 theses on the door of the Catholic church. He appealed to pope Leo X to correct the abuses of indulgences. He was eventually excommunicated and started Lutherism.
Luther
Friar who was traveling throughout Germany distributing indulgences, authorized by the pope. He claimed indulgences would free people of purgatory, in the return for money. Luther saw this and posted his 95 theses on the Church.
Tetzel
Frenchman who experienced a sudden conversion and joined forces with the religious revolutionaries of whom best known was Luther. He seemed to appeal to human reason itself, he rejected transubstantiation but Luther said it was a symbolic symbol. He focused on the idea of predestination.
Calvin
She tried to re-Catholicize England, but actually made Catholism more unpopular with the English. She married Philip of Spain, who became king of england. She had some 300 persons burned as heretics, in mass executions.
Mary Tudor
The 39 articles defined this religion,. All but one of the bishops had been newly appointed, many had lived in exile during the reign of Mary Tudor, and a strong Calvin impress was set upon Anglican belief in the time of Elizabeth.
Anglican Church
This says that what "justifies" a person is not by what the church knew as works but faith alone, an inward bent of spirit given to each soul directly to God.
"justification by faith alone"
Luther posted these on the Catholic Church doors, and held in these is the idea that after confession a sinner is freed of sinful burdens not by the priest's absolution but by the inner grace and faith alone.
95 Theses
Luther was summoned to appear here, and declared that he could be convinced only by Scripture or right reason. He was then placed under the ban of the Empire.
Diet of Worms
Group of Lutheran princes who formed this league against the emperor. Francis I allied with support of this league. Political interests overrode religious ones. It became the studied policy of Catholic France to maintain the religious division of Germany
Schmalkald League
This was a complete victory for Lutheranism and states' rights. Each state of the empire could chose between Lutherism or Catholicism. It also said that any Catholic bishop who turned Lutheran in the future should not carry his territory with him, but as an individual. A great victory for Protestantism .
Peace of Augsburg
Written by John Calvin, and addessed it to all the world. It said that people of all countries, if dissatisfied with the existing Roman Church, could find cogent expression of universal propositions, which they could apply to their own local circumstances.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Luther believed this, that God was somehow actually present in the bread and wine used in the service.
consubstantiation
Composed by a committee of bishops, defined the creed of the Anglican Church. Many of the articles were evasive, thought Protestant in tone.
39 Articles
Under Elizabeth it became Protestant, organizationally it resembled a Lutheran church because it was a state church. All doctrines were determined by a temporal power, which was Parliament. The idea was to make the dogmas so broad that persons in all shades of belief could fit under it.
Church of England
Charlemagne protected him from the enemies in Rome, and therefore strengthened position by crowning him as Roman Emperor. In return Charlemagne would protect the pope.
Pope Leo III
Called this by Catholics, led by reforming popes who insisted on the primacy of the papal office. It centered in a reverence for the sacraments, both men and women founded new religious orders. The Catholic Church was renewed by a deepening of its religious life and by a restatement of the dogmas and discipline
Catholic Reformation
Called this by Protestants, Francis I encouraged this, as a means of maintaining dissension there, and used his influence at Rome against the calling of a council by which the troubles of the Catholic world might be relieved.
Counter-Reformation
This council was not well attended, but focused on ideas such as preserving papal authority, and resulted in the final ruling that no act of the council would be valid unless supported by the Holy See. The council preserved the papacy as the center of unity for the Catholic church. This council also defined the Catholic doctrine.
Council of Trent
famous early Renaissance, Italian artist and sculptor.
Donatello
first great painter of the Quattrocentro period of the Italian renaissance. His work shows humanism, which was unknown before him.
Massacio
One of the greatest architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance.
Brunelleschi
Founder was a merchant and banker of Florence, and son became unofficial ruler. The grandson used his wealth to govern but is mostly remembered as a poet, conoisseur, and benefactor of art and learning. The family were dukes of Tuscany until the family died out in 1737.
Medicis
Leader of the Reformation of Switzerland, began to preach ideas about reforming the Catholic Church, his ideas were noticed by Luther, and they met to discuss them.
Zwingli