Chapter 2 - The Planting Of English America

Front 1

Protestant Reformation

Back 1

16th century movement to reform the Catholic church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 2

Roanoke Island

Back 2

Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement of the coast of North Carolina.

Front 3

Spanish Armada

Back 3

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada named the beginning of the decline of the Spanish empire.

Front 4

Premogeniture

Back 4

Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowners' younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploitation and settlement of the Americas.

Front 5

Joint-stock Company

Back 5

Short term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures.

Front 6

Virginia Company

Back 6

English joint-stock company that received a chatter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.

Front 7

Charter

Back 7

Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed the inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify the colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.

Front 8

Jamestown

Back 8

First permanent English still settlement in North America founded by the Virginia company.

Front 9

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Back 9

(1614) Series of clashes between the Powhatan confederacy and the English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaign against the Irish.

Front 10

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Back 10

(1644-1646) Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.

Front 11

House of Burgesses

Back 11

Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies.

Front 12

Barbados Slave Code

Back 12

(1661) First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Front 13

Squatters

Back 13

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.

Front 14

Iroquois Confederacy

Back 14

(late 1500s) Bound together five tribes- the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas- in the Mohawk valley of what is now New York.

Front 15

Tuscarora War

Back 15

(1711-1713) Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as it's sixth nation.

Front 16

Yamasee Indians

Back 16

Defeated by the South Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies.

Front 17

Buffer

Back 17

In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory.

Front 18

Act of Toleration

Back 18

(1649) Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who debuted the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.