Chapter 2 The Chemistry Of Life

Front 1

Six elements that account for 98.5% of the bodies weight

Back 1

1. Oxygen

2. Carbon

3. Hydrogen

4. Nitrogen

5. Calcium

6. Phosphorus

Front 2

The _____ energy an electron has the ___________ from the nucleus its orbit lies

Back 2

more, farther away

Front 3

radioisotopes definition

Back 3

unstable isotopes

Front 4

physical half-life

Back 4

the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state

Front 5

biological half-life

Back 5

time required for half of it to disappear from the body

Front 6

anion

Back 6

particle that gains electrons and acquires a negative charge

Front 7

cation

Back 7

a particle that loses electrons and acquires a positive charge

Front 8

ions with ______ charges are attracted to each other and tend to _______ each other through the body

Back 8

opposite, follow

Front 9

free radicals

Back 9

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

Front 10

ionic bond

Back 10

attraction of a cation to an anion, weak

Front 11

covalent bonds

Back 11

formed by the sharing of electrons

Front 12

the strongest bond of all

Back 12

nonpolar covalent bond

Front 13

a hydrogen bond is a _____ attraction between a slightl

Back 13

weak

Front 14

Van der Waals forces

Back 14

weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms

Front 15

Two aspects of water's structure that are particularly important

Back 15

1. atoms are joined by polar covalent bonds

2. the molecule is V-shaped

Front 16

solvency

Back 16

the ability to dissolve other chemicals

Front 17

adhesion

Back 17

tendency of one substance to cling to another

Front 18

cohesion

Back 18

the tendency of molecules of the same substance to cling together

Front 19

the solvency of water makes it the body's ________ means of __________ substances

Back 19

primarily, transporting

Front 20

Solution

Back 20

solute mixed with a solvent

Front 21

Solution is ______ and a colloid is ________ and the suspension is _______________

Back 21

clear, cloudy, cloudy-opaque

Front 22

solution has ____ particles, a colloid has _______ particles, and a suspension has ______ particles

Back 22

less than 1 nm, 1-100 nm, 100nm

Front 23

In which of the mixtures will the particles eventually settle?

Back 23

suspension

Front 24

Which mixture will have particles that pass through a selectively permeable membrane?

Back 24

solution

Front 25

List examples of solution, colloid and suspension

Back 25

1. glucose in blood

2. proteins in blood

3. blood cells

Front 26

acid

Back 26

a molecule that releases a proton in water (proton donor)

Front 27

base

Back 27

a proton acceptor

Front 28

neutral is a pH level of

Back 28

7.0

Front 29

acidic is a pH level of

Back 29

below 7.0

Front 30

basic is a pH level of

Back 30

7.0 or above

Front 31

decomposition reactions

Back 31

large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

ex. AB > A+B

Front 32

synthesis reactions

Back 32

two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one

ex. A+B> AB

Front 33

exchange reactions

Back 33

two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

ex. AB + CD > AC +BD

Front 34

reversible reactions

Back 34

can go in either direction under different circumstances and are represented with paired arrows

Front 35

metabolism

Back 35

all the chemical reactions in the body

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Front 36

catabolism

Back 36

energy-releasing decomposition reactions

Front 37

anabolism

Back 37

energy-storing synthesis reaction

ex. production of proteins and fat

Front 38

oxidation

Back 38

chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy

Front 39

oligosaccharides

Back 39

short chains of three or more monosaccharides

Front 40

polysaccharides

Back 40

long chains of up to a thousand monosaccharides

Front 41

name the three polysaccharides of interest in human physiology

Back 41

1. glycogen

2. starch

3. cellulose