Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Matter
|
Anything that has mass and occupies space
|
|
|
What 4 elements make up 96% of the body?
|
Carbon
Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen |
|
|
How many major elements are there?
|
11
|
|
|
How many trace elements are there?
|
15
|
|
|
How many elements are in the human body?
|
26
|
|
|
The concept of an atom was proposed by who?
|
John Dalton
|
|
|
Name the three subatomic paticles
|
Protons
Neutrons Electrons |
|
|
What makes up the Atomic Number?
|
Number of Protons
|
|
|
What makes up the atomic weight of an atom?
|
Protons plus the Neutrons
|
|
|
A model resembling planets revolving around the sun, useful in visualizing the structure of atoms
|
Bohr model
|
|
|
Describe the Oclet rule
|
Atoms with fewer or more than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose gain, or share electrons with other atoms
|
|
|
Whats an element containing the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?`
|
Isotopes
|
|
|
what is an unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particles and radiation?
|
Radioactive isotopes
|
|
|
Interaction between two or more atoms that occurs as a result of activity between electrons in their outermost energy level
|
Chemical reaction
|
|
|
Two or more atoms joined together
|
Molecule
|
|
|
Formed by transfer of electrons; strong electrostatic force that binds positively and negatively charged ions together
|
Ionic bond
|
|
|
Formed by sharing of electrons
|
Covalent bond
|
|
|
What are the three basic types of chemical reactions involved in physiology?
|
sythesis reaction
decomposition reaction exchange reactoin |
|
|
Define a sythesis reaction
|
Combining of two or more substances to form a more complex stucture; formation of new chemical bonds. A+B = AB
|
|
|
What kind of reaction breaks down a substance into two or more simpler substances?
|
Decomposition reaction
|
|
|
AB + CD = AD + CB:
is an example of what kind of chemical reaction? |
Exchange reaction
|
|
|
_____ is all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells
|
metabolism
|
|
|
What are the end products of Catabolism?
|
CO2
water and other waste products |
|
|
_____ is the chemical reaction that breaks down complex compounds into simpler ones and realses energy.
|
Catabolism
|
|
|
What molecule is considered "energy currency"
|
ATP
|
|
|
What metabolic reaction produces ATP?
|
Catabolism
|
|
|
What metabolic reaction uses ATP?
|
Anabolism
|
|
|
What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?
|
Water
|
|
|
What metabolic reaction joins molecules together to form more complex molecules?
|
Anabolism
|
|
|
dehydration synthesis happens during what metabolic reaction?
|
Anabolism
|
|
|
_______ compounds have at least one C-C bond or one C-H bond
|
Organic molecules
|
|
|
define inorganic compounds
|
few have carbon atoms and none have C-C or C-H bonds
|
|
|
What are six inorganic molecules in the body?
|
water
O2 CO2 Electrolytes Salts Buffers |
|
|
What are the four properties of water?
|
Polarity
Solvent High specific heat High heat of vaporization |
|
|
What inorganic molecule is produced as waste product and also helps maintain the appropriate acid - base balance in the body?
|
CO2
|
|
|
What are the three groups that make up Electrolytes?
|
Acids
Bases Salts |
|
|
______ are a substance that releases a hydrogen ion when in solution
|
Acids
|
|
|
Define a cation
|
positively charge ion
|
|
|
what is a negatively charge ion?
|
anions
|
|
|
_______ are electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions
|
bases
|
|
|
what is OH-
|
hydroxide ion
|
|
|
what electrolyte is a proton acceptor?
|
Base
|
|
|
What electrolyte is a proton doner?
|
Acid
|
|
|
a pH of 7 indicates?
|
neutrality (equal amouts of H+ and OH-)
|
|
|
______ maintain the constancy of pH
|
Buffers
|
|
|
______ minimze changes in the concentration of H+ and OH-
|
Buffers
|
|
|
_____ are compounds that result from chemical interactions of an acid and base
|
Salts
|
|
|
Reactions between an acid and base to from salt and water is call a ___________ reaction
|
neutralization
|
|
|
What are the organic molecules in the body?
|
Carbohydrates
protiens lipids nucleic acid, necleotides |
|
|
_________ is a simple sugar with a short carbon chains
|
monosaccharides
|
|
|
______ is a six carbon monosaccharide
|
hexose
|
|
|
______ is a five carbon monosaccharide
|
pentose
|
|
|
what are the pentose molecules found in DNA and RNA
|
deoxyribose
ribose |
|
|
What atoms are found in carbohydrates?
|
carbon
hydrogen oxygen |
|
|
list three monosaccharides
|
glucose
frucose galactose |
|
|
what type of carb is glucose
|
monosaccharide
|
|
|
what type of carb is frucose?
|
monosaccharide
|
|
|
what type of carb is glactose?
|
monosaccharide
|
|
|
what type of carb is sucrose
|
disaccharide
|
|
|
what type of carb is matose?
|
disaccharide
|
|
|
what type of carb is lactose?
|
disaccharide
|
|
|
what type of carb is glycogen?
|
polysaccharide
|
|
|
What is the most abundant orgainc compound in the body?
|
protein
|
|
|
how many essential amino acids are there?
|
eight
|
|
|
how many nonessential amino acids
|
12
|
|
|
What are the two broad categories of proteins?
|
Structural and Functional
|
|
|
_________ proteins have lost their shape and therefore their function
|
denatured
|
|
|
List the types of Lipids
|
Triglycerides
phospholipids steriods prostaglandins |
|
|
what are the three major roles of lipids
|
Energy source
Structural role intergral parts of cell membranes |
|
|
what is the most abundant lipid and most concentated source of energy?
|
triglyceride
|
|
|
What makes up a triglyceride?
|
glycerol and fatty acids
|
|
|
in _____ fatty acids all available bonds are filled
|
saturated
|
|
|
_________ fatty acids have one or more double bonds
|
unsaturated
|
|
|
Triglycerides are fromed by _______ sythesis?
|
dehydration
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of phospholipids?
|
the head is water soluble (hydrophilic) the tails are fat soluble) hydrophobic
phospholipids may form douple layers called bilayers |
|
|
what lipid is known as "tissue hormones"
|
prostaglandins
|
|
|
what is DNA composed of?
|
pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
phosphate group nitrogenous base |
|
|
What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?
|
cytosine
thymine guanine adenine |
|
|
what is RNA composed of?
|
pentose sugar (ribose)
phophate group nitrogenous base |
|
|
In RNA what replaces thymine?
|
uracil
|
|
|
Whats the name of the isotope of hydrogen that has one proton and one neutron?
|
deuterium
|
|
|
What is the name of the isotope of hydrogen that has one proton and two neutrons?
|
tritium
|
|
|
What kind of chemical bonds share two pairs of electrons?
|
double covalent bonds
|
|
|
What is the range of the pH scale?
|
1 to 14
|
|
|
Give some examples of combined or altered forms.
|
Glycoprotiens
Proteoglycans Lipoproteins Glycolipids Ribonucleoprotein |
|
|
providing structure, catalyzing chemical reactions, transporting substances in blood, communicating infromation to cells, acting as receptors, defending body against many harmful agents, and providing energy are some major functions of what organic molecule?
|
protien
|
|
|
How many commonly occuring amino acids are there?
|
20
|
|
|
What does an amino acid consist of?
|
carobn atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and a side chain
|
|
|
Amino acids are joined by ______ bonds
|
peptide
|
|
|
A peptide made up of only two amino acids linked by peptide bond is a?
|
dipeptide
|
|
|
a peptide made up of tree amino acids linked by two bonds is a?
|
tripeptide
|
|
|
What is a polypeptide?
|
long sequence or chain of amino acids - usually 100 or more - linked by peptide bonds.
|
|
|
_________ requires the addition of a water molecule to break a bond
|
hydrolysis
|
|
|
_______ _________ of a protein refers simply to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain
|
primary structure
|
|
|
in a _________ ________ of a protien, the polypeptide chains are coiled or bent into pleated sheets.
|
secondary structure
|
|
|
in a secondary structure of a protein the most common type of coil takes takes a clockwise direction and is called an ___________
|
alpha helix
|
|
|
__________ stucture is the highest level of organization occuring when protein contains more than one polypeptide chain
|
Quaternary stucture
|
|
|
What are some examples of a quaternary structure?
|
antibody molecules
hemoglobin |
|
|
give an example of a tertiary stuctured protein
|
muscle protein myoglobin
|
|
|
_________ ar proteins which are present in every body cell and act to direct the steps required for proteins to fold into the twisted convoluted shape required for them to function
|
chaperones
|
|
|
what are the pyrimidine bases?
|
cytosine
thymine uracil |
|
|
what are the purine bases?
|
adenine
guanine |
|
|
what are the pyrimidine bases?
|
cytosine
thymine uracil |
|
|
what are the purine bases?
|
adenine
guanine |
|
|
_________ is the energy related studies of chemical systems at macro, molecular and sub-molecular scales
|
Physical chemistry
|
|
|
___________ is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure
|
Analytical chemistry
|
