Chapter 2 The Cell

Front 1

What do we call the study of cells?

Back 1

Cytology

Front 2

What are the three generalizations of cell theory?

Back 2

 Cells are the structural “building blocks” of all
plants and animals
 Cells are produced by the division of
preexisting cells
 Cells are the smallest structural units that
perform all vital functions

Front 3

What are the two basic types of cells found in the body?

Back 3

*Sex cells
*Somatic Cells

Front 4

List the 3 types of microscopes used to study cells.

Back 4

 Light microscope (LM)
 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Front 5

List and define the 3 basic constituent parts of a typical cell (recognize that an individual cell will have some, but not all of these parts and the relative amounts of the various parts will differ among cells in relationship to cell function).

Back 5

Plasma membrane - Plasmalemma
 Separates cell contents from outside
 Extracellular fluid – the watery medium in which
our cells float
 Cytoplasm- Cellular contents
 Cytosol – intracellular fluid
 Organelles

Front 6

List the 4 general functions of the plasma membrane.

Back 6

 Physical isolation
 Regulation of exchange
 Sensitivity - receptors
 Structural support – connection to others

Front 7

What basic type of molecules found in the plasma membrane are insoluble in water and composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen?

Back 7

lipids

Front 8

What type of molecule forms the majority of the plasma membrane (along with proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol)?

Back 8

Phospholipids

Front 9

What about these molecules keeps the cytoplasm and intercellular fluid separated?

Back 9

 Polar head, non-polar tail
 Tails don’t mix with water or polar substances
 Form a phospholipid bilayer

Front 10

What basic type of molecules found in the plasma membrane are large, complex molecules composed of amino acid chains?

Back 10

Proteins

Front 11

List the 2 types of proteins found in the
plasma membrane?

Back 11

Integral proteins and Peripheral proteins


Front 12

What do we call the numerous, thin folds of
the plasma membrane that project from the
free surface of some cells?

Back 12

Microvilli

Front 13

What is their function?(After,What do we call the numerous, thin folds of
the plasma membrane that project from the
free surface of some cells?)

Back 13

Increase surface area for absorption

Front 14

What is the technical term for the
intracellular fluid?

Back 14

Cytosol

Front 15

What is the technical term for substances
stored within the cytosol (such as glycogen,
lipid droplets, and melanin)?

Back 15

Inclusions

Front 16

Define organelle.

Back 16

Complex, organized (cellular) structures with
unique, characteristic shapes

Front 17

What non-membrane-bound organelles are
composed of two granules made of RNA
and protein?

Back 17

Ribosomes

Front 18

What is their function?

Back 18

Synthesize proteins

Front 19

What is the technical term for the internal
protein framework that gives the cytoplasm
strength and flexibility?

Back 19

Cytoskeleton

Front 20

What non-membrane bound organelles are
cylindrical structures (9+0) composed of
short microtubules that direct the movement
of chromosomes during cell division?

Back 20

Centriole

Front 21

What non-membrane-bound organelles are
composed of short, cellular projections containing
microtubules (9+2) that usually occur in
multiples?

Back 21

Cilia

Front 22

What non-membrane-bound organelles are
composed of long, cellular projections containing
microtubules (9+2) that usually occur singularly?

Back 22

Flagella

Front 23

What is the only type of cell where we
would find these in humans?
(Flagella)

Back 23

Mature sperm cells

Front 24

What membrane bound organelles have a
double membrane, their own DNA, and are
referred to as the “Powerhouses” of a cell?

Back 24

Mitochondria

Front 25

What is their function?(after,What membrane bound organelles have a
double membrane, their own DNA, and are
referred to as the “Powerhouses” of a cell?)

Back 25

Synthesize ATP during cellular respiration

Front 26

What membrane bound organelle
determines the structural and functional
characteristics of the cell by controlling
what proteins are synthesized and in what
amounts?

Back 26

Nucleus

Front 27

What is the complete term for DNA?

Back 27

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 28

What is the complete term for RNA?

Back 28

Ribonucleic Acid

Front 29

What do we call DNA that is tightly coiled
into distinct structures, readily-visible under
a light microscope during cell division?

Back 29

Chromosomes

Front 30

What do we call DNA that is loosely coiled
forming a tangle of fine filaments in nondividing
cells?

Back 30

Chromatin

Front 31

What membranous organelle (general) is an
intracellular membrane network forming
hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and rounded
chambers?

Back 31

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 32

What are its functions?(function of endoplasmic reticulum?)

Back 32

*Synthesis 
*Storage
*Transport
*Detoxification – by enzymes on its membrane

Front 33

What makes rough ER appear rough?

Back 33

Ribosomes

Front 34

What does rough ER synthesize?

Back 34

Proteins

Front 35

What does smooth ER synthesize/do?

Back 35

*Synthesizes,Lipids Carbohydrate metabolism
*Detoxifies

Front 36

What membranous organelle is a stack of
sacs and associated vesicles that packs
material in vesicles for transport?

Back 36

Golgi apparatus

Front 37

What are its functions?Golgi apparatus

Back 37

*secretions
*Packaging of enzymes
*Plasma membrane renewal

Front 38

What do we call the digestive enzyme
containing vesicles, budding from the Golgi
apparatus, that never leave the cytoplasm
but instead fuse with incoming vesicles or
damaged organelles and “digest” them?

Back 38

Lysosomes

Front 39

What do we call vesicles that contain
enzymes, generated by free ribosomes, that
break down fatty acids and other organic
compounds?

Back 39

Peroxisomes

Front 40

What is a tissue?

Back 40

Organized groups of similar cells, and
extracellular products, that carry out a common
function

Front 41

What do we call the study of tissues?

Back 41

Histology

Front 42

How many primary tissue types are there?

Back 42

4

Front 43

What are the primary tissue types and what
is the general function of each?

Back 43

*Epithelial Tissue Covers surfaces Lines organs and
body cavities Forms glands
*Connective
Tissue
 Supports
 Protects
 Binds
*Muscle Tissue
 Contracts
*Nervous Tissue
 Generates,
transmits, and
receives impulses
 Supports and
protects neurons

Front 44

List 6 characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Back 44

*Cellularity – little extracellular matrix
*Polarity – apical and basal surfaces
*Attachment – basement membrane
*Avascularity – underlying connective tissue
vascular
*Arrangement– into layers or sheets
*High regeneration capacity – stem cells